Faktor Sosiodemografi dan Riwayat Klinis Malaria Terhadap Insidensi Malaria di Manokwari
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease in Manokwari. Malaria transmission was influenced by sociodemographic and geographic factor. However, clinical manifestation of malaria in endemic area was various from asymptomatic, mild to heavy manifestation. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence, sociodemographic, geographic factors, and clinical manifestation of Plasmodium infection in Manokwari. This was a cross sectional study, in August 2019 in two endemic villages, that is Amban and Wosi village, Manokwari district, West Papua. The number of subject involved in this study was 100. 55 subjects came from Amban and 45 from Wosi village. The sociodemographic characteristics of subject such as age, gender, address, education and occupation were recorded. Blood smear examination and Giemsa staining were performed to identify Plasmodium sp on each subject. Results of this study showed that 3% of population were infected by Plasmodium sp. Plasmodium sp. infection. more experienced by men, higher education level and have a job. The demographic and geographic factors were not related with Plasmodium sp. infection (p > 0.05). All of the subjects who infected with Plasmodium sp. show manifestation such as fever, chills, sweating, nausea/vomitus, and diarrhea. The conclusion of this study is highlighted that socio-demographic and geographical factors are not associated with Plasmodium sp. infection, and Plasmodium infection is characterized by clinical symptoms.
References
2. WHO. World malaria report 2020. WHO; 2020. Available fom https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2020
3. Mabu S, Rantetampang AL, Ruru Y, Mallongi A. The risk factors of malaria incidence in ARSO III Health Primary Regional Keerom Sub Province Papua Province. Galore Int. J Heal Sci. Res. 2019; 4(1):151–61.
4. Subekti N, Paiticen M, Kawulur EIJJ, Sirait SHK, Mohammed S. Types of plasmodium and the effect of environmental factor against malaria. J. Pendidik IPA Indones. 2018;7(3): 322–32.
5. Cook J, Owaga C, Marube E, Baidjoe A, Stresman G, Migiro R, et al. Risk factors for plasmodium falciparum infection in the Kenyan Highlands: a cohort study. Trans R. Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019; 113(3):152-9. doi:10.1093/trstmh/try122
6. Naing PA, Maung TM, Tripathy JP, Oo T, Wai KT, Thi A. Awareness of malaria and treatment-seeking behaviour among persons with acute undifferentiated fever in the endemic regions of Myanmar. Trop Med Health. 2017;45(31):1–10. doi:10.1186/s41182-017-0070-9.
7. Nateghpour M, Hosseininasab A, Farrokhnia M, Dastouri F, Alidoosti K, Sadequi D, et al. Species-dependent clinical findings of malaria caused by various plasmodia in an endemic area of Kerman province, southeastern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(4):525–29.
8. van Eijk AM, Sutton PL, Ramanathapuram L, Sullivan SA, Kanagaraj D, Priya GSL, et al. The burden of submicroscopic and asymptomatic malaria in India revealed from epidemiology studies at three varied transmission sites in India. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(17095):1–11. doi:10.1038/ s41598-019-53386-w.
9. Chaumeau V, Kajeechiwa L, Fustec B, Landier J, Nyo SN, Hsel SN, et al. Contribution of asymptomatic plasmodium infections to the transmission of malaria in Kayin State, Myanmar. J Infect Dis. 2019;219(9):1499-509.
10. Badan Pusat Statistik. Distrik Manokwari Barat dalam angka 2019. Manokwari Barat: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2019.
11. WHO. Malaria Surveillance, monitoring & evaluation: a reference manual. France: WHO; 2018.
12. Seck MC, Thwing J, Fali FB, Gomis JF, Deme A, Ndiaye YD, et al. Malaria prevalence, prevention and treatment seeking practices among nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal. Malar J. 2017;16(413):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2055-x.
13. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Modul peningkatan kemampuan teknis mikroskopis malaria. Jakarta. 2016.
14. Cahyaningrum P, Sulistyawati S. Malaria risk factors in Kaligesing, Purworejo District, Central Java Province, Indonesia: a case-control study. J Prev Med Public Heal. 2018;51:148–53. doi:10.3961/jpmph.18.036.
15. Sir O, Arsin A, Syam I, Despitasari M. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di Kecamatan Kabola, Kabupaten Alor, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Tahun 2014. J Ekol Kesehat. 2015;14(4):334–41. doi:10.22435/jek.v14i4.4712.334-341
16. Woyessa A, Deressa W, Ali A, Lindtjørn B. Prevalence of malaria infection in Butajira area, south-central Ethiopia. Malar J. 2012;11(84). doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-84
17. Mohammadkhani M, Khanjani N, Bakhtiari B, Tabatabai S.M, Sheikhzadeh K. The relation between climatic factors and malaria incidence in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. Clim Chang. 2019; 9(3):1–10.
18. Badan Pusat Statistik. Jumlah curah hujan Kabupaten Manokwari. Manokwari; 2018.
19. Mattah PAD, Futagbi G, Amekudzi LK, Mattah MM, de Souza DK, Kartey-Attipoe WD, et al. Diversity in breeding sites and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes in selected urban areas of southern Ghana. Parasit Vectors. 2017; 10(25):1–15. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1941-3
20. Animut A, Negash Y. Dry season occurrence of Anopheles mosquitoes and implications in Jabi Tehnan District, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Malar J. 2018;17(445):1–7. doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2599-4
21. Degarege A, Fennie K, Degarege D, Chennupati S, Madhivanan P. Improving socioeconomic status may reduce the burden of malaria in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0211205. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211205
22. Adeyemo FO, Okpala PU, Oyana EN, Imoukhuede MO. Malaria Infection amongst students of the University Of Benin , Edo State, Nigeria. Int. J Recent Sci Res. 2014;5(9):1529–32.
23. Rose UN, Nwabueze US, Emmanuel, OI, Kalu OA. Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in University undergraduate students. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2019;9:(68)1–4. doi:10.35841/2249-622X.67.18-963
24. Hawkes FM, Manin BO, Cooper A, Daim S, Homathevi R, Jelip J, et al. Vector compositions change across forested to deforested ecotones in emerging areas of zoonotic malaria transmission in Malaysia. Sci. Rep. 2019;9(13312):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49842-2.
25. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Brief overview situasi malaria di Indonesia dan beban pada ibu hamil dan anak. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2018.
26. Carrera LC, Victoria C, Ramirez JL, Jackman C, Calzada JE, Torres. Study of the epidemiological behavior of malaria in the Darien Region, Panama 2015-2017. PLoS One. 2019; 14(11):e0224508. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0224508
27. D’Acremont V, Kilowoko M, Kyungu E, Philipina S, Sangu W, Kahama-Maro J, et al. Beyond malaria - causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):809–17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214482.
Copyright (c) 2021 BALABA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, the copyright of the article shall be assigned to BALABA .
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all forms and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms, and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases, and its transmission by any form or media, such as electronic, electrostatic, and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc., will be allowed only with written permission from BALABA.
BALABA, the Editors, and the Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in this journal.
Click here to download Copyright Transfer Form.
