Analisis Spasial Tikus Positif Leptospira Patogenik dan Jenis Habitatnya  di Provinsi Papua Barat

Arief Nugroho; Ika Martiningsih; Nur Hidayati; Muhidin Muhidin; Ristiyanto Ristiyanto

doi:10.22435/blb.v15i1.443

Arief Nugroho Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit, Jl. Hasanudin No.123. Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
Ika Martiningsih Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit, Jl. Hasanudin No.123. Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
Nur Hidayati Balai Besar Penelitian Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit, Salatiga, Jl. Hasanudin No.123. Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
Muhidin Muhidin Balai Besar Penelitian Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit, Salatiga, Jl. Hasanudin No.123. Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
Ristiyanto Ristiyanto Balai Besar Penelitian Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit, Salatiga, Jl. Hasanudin No.123. Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22435/blb.v15i1.443

Keywords: leptospirosis, Leptospira, habitat, spatial analysis

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira and is still a health problem in the community. Until now, West Papua Province has not reported any cases of leptospirosis. This study aims to examine whether there is a grouping pattern of Leptospira harboring rats and identify the habitat types of positive rat Leptospira. This research was descriptive observational research using a cross-sectional approach. Research locations are in Manokwari, Fakfak, and Raja Ampat districts in West Papua Province. The catching of rats was carried out in locations of forest ecosystem settlements, near forest settlements, non-forested far from settlements, non-forests near settlements, coastal remote settlements, and beaches near settlements. Leptospira in rats was detected by examination of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). The results showed 278 rats were caught. The number of Leptospira positive rats in three districts by PCR was 34 (12.2%) and MAT were 13 (4.7%). Leptospira positive habitat types were settlements, yards, and secondary forests. The SaTScan results were obtained by six positive Leptospira rat clusters. There were no significant results which showed that no spread of Leptospira in the clusters. The presence of Leptospira in rats should be a warning for leptospirosis transmission risk at the study site.

References

1. Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-silveira MS, et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis : a systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;9(9): e0003898. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898.

2. Hagan JE, Moraga P, Costa F, Capian N, Ribeiro GS, Wunder EA, et al. Spatiotemporal determinants of urban leptospirosis transmission : four-year prospective cohort study of slum residents in Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2016;10(1):e0004275. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004275.

3. Lehmann JS, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM, Fouts DE. Leptospiral pathogenomics. Pathogens. 2014;3(2):280–308. doi:10.3390/pathogens3020280.

4. Amin LZ. Leptospirosis. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 2016;43(8):576–80.

5. Wójcik-fatla A, Zając V, Wasiński B, Sroka J, Cisak E, Sawczyn A, et al. Occurrence of Leptospira DNA in water and soil samples collected in Eastern Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2014;21(4):730–2. doi:10.5604/12321966.1129924.

6. Ridzuan JM, Aziah BD, Zahiruddin WM. Work environment-related risk factors for leptospirosis among plantation workers in tropical countries: evidence from Malaysia. The International Journal Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2016;7(3):156–63. doi:10.15171/ijoem.2016.699.

7. Allan KJ, Biggs HM, Halliday JEB, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, Cleaveland S, et al. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Africa : a systematic review of a neglected zoonosis and a paradigm for “one health ” in Africa. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;9(9):e0003899. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009.

8. Escandón-vargas K, Bustamante-rengifo JA, Astudillo-Hernandez M. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira in ornamental water fountains from urban sites in Cali, Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2019;29(1):107–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1519526.

9. Sumanta H, Wibawa T, Hadisusanto S, Nuryati A, Kusnanto H. Spatial analysis of Leptospira in rats, water and soil in Bantul District Yogyakarta Indonesia. Open Journal Epidemiology. 2015;5(1):22–31. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2015.51004.

10. Sulistyawati, Nirmalawati T, Mardenta RN. Spatial analysis of leptospirosis disease in Bantul Regency Yogyakarta. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2016;12(1):111–9. doi: 10.15294/kemas.v12i1.4615.

11. Sunaryo, Ningsih DP. Distribusi spasial leptospirosis di Kabupaten Gresik, Jawa Timur. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan. 2014;42(3):161–70.

12. Mwachui MA, Crump L, Hartskeerl R, Zinsstag J, Hattendorf J. Environmental and behavioural determinants of leptospirosis transmission : a systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;9(9): e0003843. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003843.

13. Cosson J-F, Picardeau M, Mielcarek M, Tatard C, Chaval Y, Suputtamongkol Y, et al. Epidemiology of Leptospira transmitted by rodents in Southeast Asia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014;8(6):e2902. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002902.

14. Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Data dan informasi profil kesehatan Indonesia 2017. Jakarta;2018. 154 p.

15. Balai Besar Litbang Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit. Laporan akhir riset khusus vektor dan reservoir penyakit Provinsi Papua Barat tahun 2017. Salatiga: Balai Besar Litbang Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit;2017.

16. Ahmed N, Devi SM, Valverde ML, Vijayachari P, Machang RS, Ellis WA, et al. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2006;5(28):1–10. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-5-28.

17. WHO India. Leptospirosis laboratory manual. India: WHO; 2007. 27-45 p. Available from: http://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B2147.pdf.

18. Balai Besar Litbang Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit. Pedoman pengumpulan data reservoir (tikus) di lapangan. Salatiga: Balai Besar Litbang Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit; 2015.

19. Muñoz-zanzi C, Mason MR, Encina C, Astroza A, Romero A. Leptospira contamination in household and environmental water in rural communities in Southern Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014;11(7):6666–80. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110706666.

20. Felzemburgh RDM, Ribeiro GS, Costa F, Reis RB, Melendez AXTO, Fraga D, et al. Prospective study of leptospirosis transmission in an urban slum community : role of poor environment in repeated exposures to the Leptospira Agent. PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease. 2014;8(5):e2927. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002927.

21. Nugroho A. Analisis faktor lingkungan dalam kejadian leptospirosis di Kabupaten Tulungagung. BALABA. 2015;11(2):73–80.

22. Auliya R. Hubungan antara strata PHBS tatanan rumah tangga dan sanitasi rumah dengan kejadian leptospirosis. Unnes Journal Public Health. 2014;3(3):1–10. doi: 10.15294/ujph.v3i3.3543.

23. Sholichah Z, Rahmawati. Sebaran infeksi Leptospira patogenik pada tikus dan cecurut di daerah pasca banjir Kabupaten Pati dan endemis Boyolali. BALABA. 2017;13(2):173–82. doi: 10.22435/blb.v13i2.279.

24. Ramadhani T, Widyastuti D, Priyanto D. Determinasi serovar bakteri Leptospira pada reservoir di Kabupaten Banyumas. Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan. 2015;14(1):8–16.

25. Himsworth CG, Bidulka J, Parsons KL, Feng AYT, Tang P, Jardine CM, et al. Ecology of Leptospira interrogans in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an inner-city neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2013;7(6): e2270. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002270.

26. Ristiyanto, Wibawa T, Budiharta S, Supargiono. Prevalensi tikus terinfeksi Leptospira interogans di Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Vektora. 2015;7(2):85–92.

27. Pertiwi SMB, Setiani O, Nurjazuli. Faktor lingkungan yang berkaitan dengan kejadian leptospirosis di Kabupaten Pati Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia. 2014;13(2):51–7. doi: 10.14710/jkli.13.2.51 - 57.