Profil Kekebalan Terhadap Difteri, Pertusis dan Tetanus pada Anak Umur di Bawah Lima Tahun, Hasil Riskesdas 2013

  • Sarwo Handayani
Keywords: immunity,, DPT,, under five years,, ELISA

Abstract

Children under five years are a vulnerable group for diseases infection, therefore immunity to vaccine preventable diseases are essential, such as diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. Those mentioned diseases, immunization is the most effective effort to reduce the mortality and morbidity. As a part of Basic Health Research analysis for samples collected in 2013, sera of 368 children under five years (aged 12-59 months) were tested for IgG to diphtheria, pertussis toxin and tetanus by ELISA method. The proportion of protective antibody associated with DPT immunization status obtained by univariate analysis. Based on health record and questionnaire, only 72% children under five years received a complete 3-dose of DPT vaccine. Fully protective immunity to diphtheria and tetanus (titer ≥ 0.1 IU / ml) were only found 70% and 83% of children under five years with a complete DPT immunization status, respectively. Very small proportion (0.27%) of children without immunity to diphtheria and tetanus (titer <0.01 IU / ml) were observed. Results showed less than 10% children under five years had immunity to pertussis toxin, indicated that the pertussis exposure occurred within 12 months. Incomplete immunization status and high proportion of negative titers especially for pertussis toxin, should have attention exclusively for the completeness of recording and immunization card and also the vaccine storage. Furthermore, the immunization booster should be administered to provide long protective immunity.

Keywords: immunity, DPT, under five years, ELISA

Abstrak

Balita merupakan kelompok rentan yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian, terutama kekebalan terhadap penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi, antara lain difteri, pertussis dan tetanus. Imunisasi merupakan upaya yang paling efektif untuk menurunkan angka kematian dan kesakitan karena penyakit tersebut. Sebanyak 368 sampel darah balita (umur 12- 59 bulan), bagian dari sampel Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2013 telah diperiksa kekebalan terhadap difteri, pertusis toksin dan tetanus dengan metode ELISA. Analisis data secara deskriptif berupa proporsi kekebalan protektif dari masing-masing parameter dikaitkan dengan status imunisasi DPT. Berdasarkan hasil observasi catatan kesehatan dan wawancara menunjukkan hanya 72% balita yang mendapat imunisasi DPT lengkap 3 dosis. Kekebalan protektif difteri dan tetanus dengan titer ≥ 0,1 IU/ml hanya dimiliki sekitar 70% dan 83% balita dengan status imunisasi DPT lengkap. Walaupun proporsinya sangat kecil (0,27%), masih ditemukan balita yang tidak mempunyai kekebalan terhadap difteri dan tetanus (titer <0,01 IU/ml). Kurang dari 10% balita memiliki kekebalan terhadap pertusis toksin dengan keterpaparan dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan. Ditemukannya balita dengan status imunisasi yang tidak lengkap dan titer negatif yang cukup tinggi terutama terhadap pertussis toksin, perlu mendapat perhatian yang serius, terutama kelengkapan pencatatan dan kartu imunisasi serta penyimpanan vaksin, Pemberian booster imunisasi perlu dilakukan untuk memberikan kekebalan yang penuh dalam jangka panjang.

Kata kunci: kekebalan, DPT, balita, ELISA

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Published
2019-12-20
How to Cite
1.
Handayani S. Profil Kekebalan Terhadap Difteri, Pertusis dan Tetanus pada Anak Umur di Bawah Lima Tahun, Hasil Riskesdas 2013. bpk [Internet]. 20Dec.2019 [cited 20Apr.2024];47(3):183-90. Available from: http://ejournal2.litbang.kemkes.go.id/index.php/bpk/article/view/1503
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