Studi Bioekologi Vektor Malaria di Daerah (Yang Mendapat Sertifikat) Eliminasi Malaria di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bengkalis dan Bulukumba
Abstract
Abstract
The target of malaria elimination in Indonesia is expected to be achieved in 2030. One of the activities to support malaria elimination is vector surveillance. Several districts in Indonesia have certificates of malaria, including Jembrana, Bali Province, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi Province, and Bengkalis, Riau Province. Analysis of the presence of malaria vectors and Plasmodium needs to be done for the potential occurances of malaria transmission in eliminated malaria areas. Bioecology study of malaria vectors were conducted to determine receptivity status and others risk factors and the potential for malaria transmission based on ecosystems in Jembrana, Bulukumba and Bengkalis districts. As part of national research of disease vector and reservoir (Rikhus Vektora), mosquitoes and larval field-collection methods, molecular plasmodium detection and blood meal analyses were carried out according Rikhus vektora guidelines. The result showed that Anopheles kochi and An. tesselatus were positive confirmed with Plasmodium falciparum by using PCR in Jembrana, Bali province, which were found in non-forest ecosystems near settlements and beaches near settlements. In addition, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles vagus, and Anopheles peditaeniatus were also positive confirmed with P. falciparum by using similar methods in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi province. An. barbirostris was found in forest ecosystems near settlement, Anopheles vagus was found in remote forest ecosystems of settlements and beaches near settlements, and Anopheles peditaenistus was found in non-forest ecosystems near settlements. While Anopheles sinensis was confirmed positive with P. falciparum in Bengkalis, Riau province. Jembrana, Bulukumba and Bengkalis districts are recognized as receptive areas and have potential for re-transmission of malaria. Vector surveillance and the implementation of approriate vector control and migration surveillance are needed to ascertain wheter the positive Anopheles with positives Plasmodium falciparum getting the parasites from imported cases or there has been a local transmission (indigenous) in these areas. This information is needed to prevent malaria re-transmission in the eliminated areas.
Keywords : elimination, malaria, vector
Abstrak
Target eliminasi malaria di Indonesia harapannya dapat dicapai tahun 2030. Salah satu kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk menunjang elimnasi malaria adalah surveilans vektor. Beberapa Kabupaten di Indonesia telah memperoleh serfikat eliminasi malaria diantaranya Kabupaten Jembrana Propinsi Bali, Bulukumba Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, dan Bengkalis Propinsi Riau. Analisis keberadaan vektor dan patogen malaria perlu dilakukan untuk melihat potensi terjadinya penularan malaria kembali di daerah yang telah mendapatkan sertifikat eliminasi malaria. Studi bioekologi vektor malaria dilakukan untuk mengetahui status reseptivitas dan faktor risiko lainnya, serta potensi penularan malaria berbasis ekosistem di daerah tersebut. Sebagai bagian dari dari Riset khusus (rikhus) vektora, koleksi lapangan nyamuk dan jentik, prosedur deteksi melekuler plasmodium dan analisis pakan darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Rikhus vektora. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa Anopheles kochi dan Anopheles tesselatus, yang masing-masing ditemukan di eksoistem non hutan dekat pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman ditemukan positif mengandung Plasmodium falciparum di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bali. Sedangkan di Kabupaten Bulukumba, Sulawesi Selatan, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles vagus, dan Anopheles peditaeniatus merupakan spesies Anopheles yang terkonfirmasi positif mengandung P. falciparum. An. barbirostris ditemukan di ekosistem hutan dekat pemukiman, Anopheles vagus ditemukan di ekosistem hutan jauh pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman, dan Anopheles peditaenistus ditemukan di ekosistem non hutan dekat pemukiman. Sedangkan Anopheles sinensis merupakan satu-satunya spesies Anopheles yang ditemukan positif mengandung P. falciparum di Kabupaten Bengkalis, Riau. Dari hasil studi menunjukkan, Kabupaten Jembrana, Bulukumba, dan Bengkalis merupakan daerah reseptif dan berpotensi terjadinya penularan kembali malaria. Surveilans vektor dan implementasi pengendalian vektor yang tepat serta surveilans migrasi secara ketat diperlukan untuk memastikan apakah Anopheles yang positif tersebut mendapatkan parasit P. falciparum dari kasus import ataukah memang sudah terjadi transmisi secara lokal (indigenous) di wilayah tersebut. Hal ini perlu dilakukan agar tidak terjadi penularan kembali malaria di daerah yang sudah tereliminasi tersebut.
Kata kunci: eliminasi, malaria, vektor
References
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia no293/Menkes/ SK/IV/2009. Jakarta; 2009. 1-36 p.
Kemenkes RI DiP. Panduan Pemeliharaan Eliminasi Malaria. Panduan Pemeliharaan Eliminasi Malaria. Jakarta: P2PTVZ; 2017. 1-28 p.
P2PTVZ. Data Kasus Malaria 2012-2017. Jakarta: P2PTVZ; 2017.
Burkot TR, Farlow R, Min M, Espino E, Mnzava A, Russell TL. A global analysis of national malaria control programme vector surveillance by elimination and control status in 2018. Malar J. 2019;18(1):399.
B2P2VRP. Pedoman Pengumpulan Data Vektor (Nyamuk) di Lapangan. Salatiga; 2017.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Akhir Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit Provinsi Bali. Salatiga: B2P2VRP; 2017. 1-76 p.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Akhir Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit Provinsi Riau Tahun 2017. Salatiga: B2P2VRP; 2017. 1-113 p.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Akhir Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Salatiga: B2P2VRP; 2017. 1-105 p.
WHO. Manual on Pactical Entomology in Malaria. Geneva; 1975. 1-186 p.
Oconnor AS. Kunci Bergambar Nyamuk Anopheles Dewasa di Indonesia. Jakarta; 1999. 1-40 p.
Reid JA. Anopheline Mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. Malaysia; 1968. 1-520 p.
Panthusiri, Rattanarithikul R, Prachong. Illustrated Keys to the Medically Important Mosquitoes of Thailand. Thailand; 1994. 1-66 p.
B2P2VRP. Pedoman Pemeriksaan Deteksi agen Penyakit. Salatiga; 2015.
Singh B, Bobogare A, Cox-singh J, Snounou G, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA. A Genusand Spesies-Spesifik Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Malaria Detection Assay for Epidemiologic Studies. Am Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60(4):687–92.
Moll K, Kaneko A, Scherf A, Wahlgren M. Methods in Malaria Research. UK: EviMalaR Glasgow; 2013. 1-474 p.
Elyazar IRF, Sinka ME, Gething PW, Tarmidzi SN, Surya A, Kusriastuti R, et al. The Distribution and Bionomics of Anopheles malaria Vector Mosquitoes in Indonesia. 1st ed. Vol. 83, Advances in Parasitology. Elsevier Ltd.; 2013. 173-266 p.
Stoops CA, Rusmiarto S, Susapto D, Munif A, Andris H, Barbara KA, et al. Bionomics of Anopheles spp . ( Diptera : Culicidae ) in a Malaria Endemic Region of Sukabumi , West Java , Indonesia. J Vector Ecol. 2009;34(2):200– 7.
Mading M, Sopi IIP. Beberapa Aspek Bioekologi Nyamuk Anopheles vagus di Desa Selong Belanak Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Spirakel [Internet]. 2014;6(1):26–32. Available from:http://ejournal.litbang.kemkes.go.id/index.php/spirakel/article/view/6127.
Wigati RA, Mardiana M, Mujiyono M, Alfiah S. Deteksi Protein Circm Sporozoite pada Spesies Nyamuk Anophele vagus Tersangka Vektor Malaria di Kecamatan Kokap, Kabupaten Kulon Progo dengan Uji Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Media Litbang Kesehat. 2010;XX(3):118–23.
Dhiman S, Yadav K, Rabha B, Goswami D, Hazarika S, Tyagi V. Evaluation ofInsecticides Susceptibility and Malaria Vector Potential of Anopheles annularis s.l. and Anopheles vagus in Assam, India. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016;11(3):1–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151786.
Alam Z, Arifin SMN, Mohammad H, Amin A, Alam MS, Rahman MS. A Spatial Agent Based Model of Anopheles vagus for Malaria Epidemiology : Examining the Impact of Vector Control Interventions. Malar J [Internet]. 2017;16(432):1–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2075-6.
Bashar K, Tuno N. Seasonal Abundance of Anopheles Mosquitoes andTheir Association with Meteorological Factors and Malaria Incidence in Bangladesh. Parasites and Vectors [Internet]. 2014;7(1):442. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25233890.
M RI, Pecor J E, A HB. Updated Distribution Records for Anopheles vagus (Diptera : Culicidae) in the Republic of Philippines, and Considerations Regarding Its Secondary Vector Roles in Southeast Asia. Trop Biomed. 2011;28(1):181–7.
Alam MS, Chakma S, Khan WA, Glass GE, Mohon AN, Elahi R, et al. Diversity of Anopheline Species and Their Plasmodium Infection Status in Rural Bandarban, Bangladesh. Parasites and Vectors. 2012;5(150):1–9.
Kumar A, Hosmani R, Jadhav S, Sousa T De, Mohanty A, Naik M. Anopheles subpictus Carry Human Malaria Parasites in An Urban Area of Western India and May Facilitate Perennial Malaria Transmission. Malar J [Internet]. 2016;15(24):1–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1177-x.
Alimi TO, Fuller DO, Qualls WA, Herrera S V, Arevalo-herrera M, Quinones ML, et al. Predicting Potential Ranges of Primary Malaria Vectors and malaria in northern South America Based on Projected Changes in Climate , Land Cover and Human Population. Parasit Vectors [Internet]. 2015;8(431):1–16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1033-9.
Killeen GF. Characterizing, Controlling and Eliminating Residual Malaria Transmission. Malar J [Internet]. 2014;13(1):1–22. Available from: http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-330.
Kemenkes RI. The Desk Review Malaria Programe Review 2016. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2016. 1-74 p.
Killeen GF. Characterizing , Controlling and Eliminating Residual Malaria Transmission. Malar J. 2014;13(330):1–22.
Katureebe A, Zinszer K, Arinaitwe E, Rek J, Kakande E, Charland K, et al. Measures of Malaria Burden after Long- Lasting Insecticidal Net Distribution and Indoor Residual Spraying at Three Sites in Uganda : A Prospective Observational Study. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2016;8(December 2014):1– 22. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002167.
Husni, Rahayujati TB, Supargiyono S. Evaluasi Program Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Faktor Risiko Malaria di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Ber Kedokt Masy. 2017;33(12):771–8.
World Health Organization. Malaria entomology and vector control. Vol. 3, World Health Organization. 2003. 1-109 p.
Kemenkes RI. Pedoman Penggunaan Kelambu Berinsektisida Menuju Eliminasi Malaria. 2011;
WHO. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes Second edition. Geneva: Global Malaria Programme; 2016. 1-55 p.
WHO. Monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquito populations Interim guidance for entomologists. Geneva: WHO; 2016. 1-13 p.
Taviv Y, Budiyanto A, Sitorus H, Ambarita LP, Mayasari R, Pahlepi RI. Sebaran Nyamuk Anopheles Pada Topografi Wilayah yang Berbeda di Propinsi Jambi. Media Litbangkes. 2015;25(2):1–8.
Ren Z, Wang D, Hwang J, Bennett A, Hugh J. Spatial-Temporal Variation and Primary Ecological Drivers of Anopheles sinensis Human Biting Rates in Malaria Epidemic- Prone Regions of China. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015;22(Januari):1–17. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116932.
Ren Z, Wang D, Hwang J, Bennett A, Sturrock HJW, Ma A, et al. Spatial-temporal Variation and Primary Ecological Drivers of Anopheles sinensis Human Biting Rates in Malaria Epidemic-prone Regions of China. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015;10(1):1–17. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116932.
Sugiarto, Hadi UK, Soviana S, Hakim L. Confirmation of Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles sundaicus as Malaria Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Island North Kalimantan, Indonesia Using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Med Entomol. 2016;53(6):1422–4.
Nixon CP, Nixon CE, Arsyad DS, Chand K, Yudhaputri F a., Sumarto W, et al. Distance to Anopheles sundaicus Larval Habitats Dominant Among Risk Factors for Parasitemia in Mesoendemic Southwest Sumba, Indonesia. Pathog Glob Health [Internet]. 2014;108(8):369–80. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/2047773214Y.0000000167.
Copyright (c) 2020 Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Publishing your paper with Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan means that the author or authors transfer the copyright to Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially.
Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:
- BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- SA: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
