Determinan Kemampuan Kognitif Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun: Analisis Studi Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak di Bogor, Indonesia
Abstract
Abstract
Early childhood period is a critical phase of cognitive development which could be influenced by the child's health history and family background. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the determinants of IQ scores of 115 children aged 4-6 years as part of Child Growth and Development Cohort Study conducted in Bogor in 2016 and 2018. The dependent variables were child age, child’s sex, birth weight, birth length, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, number of family members, parents’ age, education and occupation. The independent variable was the cognitive ability with IQ score. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that children’s age above 59 months were risk about 2,65 times to get IQ score below average (OR 2.6;95% CI 1,17-6,03) and child’s mother with education level below high school level had 2.81 times more likely to get IQ score below average (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1,24-6,37). The IQ score of the children was related to the level of education of the mother and the age of the children. Access to education for women as prospective mothers needs to be continuously encouraged. In addition, good stimulation by the family and the environment needs to be intensified, so that children's development would be optimal.
Key words: maternal education level, child’s age, IQ score
Abstrak
Periode anak usia dini merupakan fase kritis perkembangan kognitif yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh riwayat kesehatan anak dan latar belakang keluarga. Tujuan analisis ini ialah mengidentifikasi determinan skor Intelligence quotient (IQ) pada anak usia 4-6 tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data sekunder dari Studi Kohor Tumbuh dan Kembang Anak (SKTKA) yang dilakukan di Bogor Tengah, Bogor tahun 2016 dan 2018. Variabel terikat dalam analisis ini ialah usia anak, jenis kelamin anak, Berat Badan (BB) lahir, Panjang Badan (PB) Lahir, status gizi, konsumsi ASI eksklusif, jumlah anggota keluarga, usia, pendidikan serta pekerjaan ibu, pendidikan dan pekerjaan ayah. Sedangkan variabel bebas ialah kemampuan kognitif dengan luaran skor (skor IQ). Data yang dianalisis sebanyak 115 anak berusia 4-6 tahun. Analisa data menggunakan deskriptif, bivariat dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan IQ anak adalah tingkat pendidikan ibu (OR 2,81: p=0,01) dan usia anak (OR 2,65:p=0,02). Skor IQ anak dalam penelitian ini terkait dengan tingkat pendidikan ibu dan usia anak. Akses pendidikan untuk perempuan sebagai calon ibu perlu terus didorong. Selain itu, stimulasi yang baik oleh keluarga dan lingkungan perlu lebih digiatkan, agar perkembangan anak lebih optimal.
Kata kunci: tingkat pendidikan ibu, usia anak, skor IQ
References
World Bank. World Development Report: The Changing Nature of Work. Washington DC; 2019.
Schoon I. Childhood cognitive ability and adult academic attainment: evidence from three British cohort studies. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 2010;1(3):241–58.
Calvin CM, Deary IJ, Fenton C, Roberts BA, Der G, Leckenby N, et al. Intelligence in youth and all-cause-mortality: Systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2011 Jun;40(3):626–44.
Feinstein L, Bynner J. The importance of cognitive development in middle childhood for adulthood socioeconomic status, mental health, and problem behavior. Child Development. 2004;75(5):1329–39.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Laporan nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta; 2018.
Widodo Y et al. Laporan Studi kohor tumbuh kembang anak tahun 2018. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2018.
Lynn R, Meisenberg G. National IQs calculated and validated for 108 nations. Intelligence. 2010;38(4):353–60.
United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018 Statistical Update. New York: the British Library and Library of Congress; 2018.
Das N, Choudhuri D, Ghosh A. Intelligence Quotient Development in Relation To Physical Growth, Development and Nutritional State in Early Childhood: a Systematic Review. World Journal of pharmaceutical and medical research. 2017;3(6):116–23.
Kirkegaard H, Möller S, Wu C, Häggström J, Olsen SF, Olsen J, et al. Associations of birth size, infancy, and childhood growth with intelligence quotient at 5 years of age: A Danish cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;112(1):96–105.
Amaliah N, Sari K, Suryaputri IY. Panjang Badan Lahir Pendek Sebagai Salah Satu Faktor Determinan Keterlambatan Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia 6-23 Bulan Di Kelurahan Jaticempaka, Kecamatan Pondok Gede, Kota Bekasi. Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan. 2016;15(1):3–9.
Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, et al. Linear growth and child development in low- and middleincome countries: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):e1266–75.
Onifade OM, Otegbayo JA, Akinyemi JO, Oyedele TA, Akinlade AR. Nutritional status as a determinant of cognitive development among preschool children in SouthWestern Nigeria. British Food Journal. 2016;118(7):1568–78.
Bouchard TJ. The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age. Article in Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2013;16(5):923–30.
Galván M, Uauy R, Corvalán C, LópezRodríguez G, Kain J. Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: A post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2013 Sep;17(7):1243–51.
Salimar, Hastuti D, Latifah M. Hubungan Beban kerja, Pengetahuan Ibu dan Pola Asuh Psikososial dengan perkembangan kognitid anak usia 2-5 tahun pada keluarga miskin. Pgm. 2011;34(1):39–49.
Bakhiet SFA, Al-Khadher MA, Lynn R. A study of means and sex differences on Raven’s standard progressive matrices plus in Yemen. Mankind Quarterly. 2015;55(3):268–77.
Liu J, Lynn R. Factor structure and sex differences on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in China, Japan and United States. Personality and Individual Differences. 2011;50(8):1222–6.
Horta BL, Loret De Mola C, Victora CG. Breastfeeding and intelligence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 2015;104:14–9.
Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Jankowski J, Butscher M, Mroz E, Flak E, et al. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on the development of children’s cognitive function in the Krakow prospective birth cohort study. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;17(1):151–8.
Camargo-Figuera FA, Barros1 AJD, Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Barros FC. Early life determinants of low IQ at age 6 in children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort: A predictive approach. BMC Pediatrics. 2014;14(1):1–12.
Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition: Screening Test Manual. In: San Antonio, Texas: Pearson Clinical Assessment PsychCorp. 2006.
David Wechsler. WPPSI Manual Ch. 4. Psychological corporation; 1967.
Barker DJP. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ. 1995;311(6998):171–4.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Laporan nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Jakarta; 2013.
World Health Organisation. WHO child growth standards: length/height for age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-forheight and body mass index-for-age, methods and development. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2006.
Hastuti D, Alfiasari, Chandriya. Nilai Anak , Stimulasi Psikososial , Dan Perkembangan Pangan Di Kabupaten Banjarnegara , Jawa Tengah. 2010;3(1):27–34.
Bakhiet SFA, Dutton E, Ashaer KYA, Essa YAS, Blahmar TAM, Hakami SM, et al. Understanding the Simber Effect: Why is the age-dependent increase in children’s cognitive ability smaller in Arab countries than in Britain? Personality and Individual Differences. 2018;122:38–42.
Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2011.
Zhou X, Zhu J, Weiss LG. Peeking inside the “black box” of the Flynn effect: Evidence from three Wechsler instruments. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2010;28(5):399–411.
Riyadi H, Khomsan A, Anwar F, Herawati T, Hernawati N, Rahma A, et al. Nutrition Education and Psychosocial Stimulation Improves Child Development in Rural Early Childhood Education in Indonesia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2019;7(10):717–24.
Duc NHC. Developmental risk factors in Vietnamese preschool-age children: Crosssectional survey. Pediatrics International. 2016;58:14–21.
Warsito O, Khomsan A, Hernawati N, Anwar F. Relationship between nutritional status, psychosocial stimulation, and cognitive development in preschool children in Indonesia. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2012;6(5):451–7.
Solihin RDM, Anwar F, Sukandar D. Kaitan antara status gizi, perkembangan kohnitif, dan perkembangan motorik pada anak usia pra sekolah. Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan. 2013;36(1):62–72.
Pusat data dan statistik pendidikan dan kebudayaan. Angka partisipasi kasar pendidikan usia dini tahun 2018/2019. Jakarta; 2019.
Puspitasari FD, Sudargo T, Indria D, Gamayanti L. Gizi Indon. 2011;34(1):52–60.
Charkaluk ML, Rousseau J, Calderon J, Bernard JY, Forhan A, Heude B, et al. Ages and stages questionnaire at 3 years for predicting IQ at 5-6 years. Pediatrics. 2017;139(4):e20162798.
Said M, Pratomo H. Artikel Penelitian Pendidikan Ibu dan Durasi Pemberian Air Susu Ibu dalam Peningkatan Kecerdasan Siswa Usia Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal kesehatan masyarakat nasional. 2013;8(4):169–73.
Eriksen HLF, Kesmodel US, Underbjerg M, Kilburn TR, Bertrand J, Mortensen EL. Predictors of intelligence at the age of 5: Family, pregnancy and birth characteristics, postnatal influences, and postnatal growth. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):1–8.
Harding JF, Morris PA, Hughes D. The Relationship Between Maternal Education and Children’s Academic Outcomes: A Theoretical Framework. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2015;77(1):60–76.
Domina T, Roksa J. Should Mom go back to school? Post-natal educational attainment and parenting practices. Social Science Research. 2012;41(3):695–708.
Copyright (c) 2020 Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Publishing your paper with Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan means that the author or authors transfer the copyright to Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially.
Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:
- BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- SA: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
