Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kehamilan Tidak Diinginkan di Indonesia
FACTORS INFLUENCING UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES IN INDONESIA
Abstract
Unintended pregnancy can cause pregnancy termination, which leads to safety risks. This study analyzed factors affecting unintended pregnancy in Indonesia. The analysis units were women aged 15-49 who gave birth in the past five years. The sample size was 36,472 women. The research variable was unintended pregnancy, residence, age, education, husbands/partners, employment, wealth, parity, pregnancy termination, decision-maker in woman's access to health care, access to family planning information on radio, television, and newspapers/magazines. The final stage analysis used binary logistic regression. Women in urban were 1.834 times more likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than women in rural. The 20-24 age group was 0.202 times more likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than the 15-19 age group. Women with secondary education were 1.447 times more likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than no education women. The poorer were 1.190 times more likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than the poorest. Multiparity was a strong determinant of unintended pregnancy. History of pregnancy, a decision by husbands, and access to family planning information on radio and television in the last few months were risk factors for unintended pregnancies. The study concluded that eight variables affected unintended pregnancies.
Keywords: unintended pregnancy, women of childbearing age, contraceptive use, family planning, maternal health.
Abstrak
Kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan dapat menyebabkan terminasi kehamilan, yang berujung pada risiko. Studi menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi kehamilan tidak diinginkan di Indonesia. Unit analisis wanita usia 15-49 tahun yang melahirkan dalam lima tahun terakhir. Besar sampel 36.472 responden. Variabel penelitian adalah kehamilan tidak diinginkan, tempat tinggal, usia, pendidikan, pasangan, pekerjaan, kekayaan, paritas, terminasi kehamilan, pengambil keputusan akses perempuan terhadap pelayanan kesehatan, akses informasi KB di radio, televisi, dan surat kabar/majalah. Analisis tahap akhir menggunakan regresi logistik biner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perempuan di perkotaan 1,834 kali lebih mungkin mengalami kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan dibandingkan perempuan di perdesaan. Usia 20-24 tahun 0,202 kali lebih mungkin mengalami kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan dibandingkan kelompok 15-19 tahun. Wanita dengan pendidikan menengah 1,447 kali lebih mungkin mengalami kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan daripada yang tidak berpendidikan. Kelompok yang lebih miskin 1,190 kali lebih mungkin mengalami kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan daripada yang paling miskin. Multiparitas adalah determinan kuat dari kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Riwayat kehamilan, keputusan suami, dan akses informasi KB di radio/televisi merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Studi menyimpulkan delapan variabel yang mempengaruhi kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan.
Kata kunci: kehamilan tidak diinginkan, wanita usia subur, penggunaan kontrasepsi, keluarga berencana, kesehatan ibu
References
Dickson KS, Adde KS, Ahinkorah BO. Socio - economic determinants of abortion among women in Mozambique and Ghana: Evidence from demographic and health survey. Arch Public Heal. 2018;76(1):37.
Masruroh, Yusuf A, Rohmah N, Pakki IB, Sujoso ADP, Andayani Q, et al. Neonatal Death Incidence in Healthcare Facility in Indonesia: Does Antenatal Care Matter? Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021;15(1):1265–71.
Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R. Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends. Stud Fam Plann. 2014;45(3):301–14.
United Nations. One-in-four pregnancies unplanned, two-thirds of women foregoing contraceptives [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 May 6]. p. 1. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/10/1050021
World Health Organization. Preventing unsafe abortion [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 May 6]. p. 1–2. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion
Ali A. Relationship between unwanted pregnancy and health-related quality of life in pregnant women. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2016;26(6):507–12.
Herd P, Higgins J, Sicinski K, Merkurieva I. The implications of unintended pregnancies for mental health in later life. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(3):421–9.
Bahk J, Yun SC, Kim Y mi, Khang YH. Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal mental health: A causal analysis using follow up data of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15(1):1–12.
Omani-Samani R, Ranjbaran M, Mohammadi M, Esmailzadeh A, Sepidarkish M, Maroufizadeh S, et al. Impact of Unintended Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2018;69(May):136–41.
Suryani L, Rosyada A. The Effect of Unintended Pregnancy Among Married Women on the Length of Breastfeeding in Indonesia. J Ilmu Kesehat Masy. 2020;11(2):1.
Foster DG, Raifman SE, Gipson JD, Rocca CH, Biggs MA. Effects of Carrying an Unwanted Pregnancy to Term on Women’s Existing Children. J Pediatr. 2019;205(Pebruary):183-189.e1.
Anggraini K, Wratsangka R, Bantas K, Fikawati S. Factors related to unintended pregnancy in Indonesia (Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kehamilan tidak diinginkan di indonesia). Promot J Kesehat Masy. 2018;8(1):27–33.
Mayun KAW, Ani LS, Suariyani NLP. Causes of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents in Bali Province: a qualitative study. Public Heal Prev Med Arch. 2017;5(2):114–9.
Rizvi F, Williams J, Hoban E. Factors Influencing Unintended Pregnancies amongst Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cambodia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(20):4006.
National Population and Family Planning Board, Statistics Indonesia, Ministry of Health, The DHS Program. Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Jakarta: National Population and Family Planning Board;2018.
Wulandari RD, Qomarrudin MB, Supriyanto S, Laksono AD. Socioeconomic Disparities in Hospital Utilization among Elderly People in Indonesia. Indian J Public Heal Res Dev. 2019;10(11):1800–4.
Habib MA, Raynes-Greenow C, Nausheen S, Soofi SB, Sajid M, Bhutta ZA, et al. Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies amongst women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):156.
Goshu YA, Yitayew AE. Prevalence and determinant factors of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Addis Zemen hospital. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210206.
Ameyaw EK, Budu E, Sambah F, Baatiema L, Appiah F, Seidu A-A, et al. Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0220970.
Laksono AD, Wulandari RD. The Barrier to Maternity Care in Rural Indonesia. J Public Heal From Theory to Pract. 2020;Online First.
Seran AA, Laksono AD, Sujoso ADP, Masruroh, Ibrahim I, Marasabessy N baharia, et al. Does Contraception Used Better In Urban Areas?: An Analysis of The 2017 IDHS (Indonesia Demographic And Health Survey). Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(11):1892– 7.
Fite RO, Mohammedamin A, Abebe TW. Unintended pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women in Arsi Negele Woreda, West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1114 Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicin. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):671.
Wagan F, Siyal AA, Ali R, Taqi T. Major consequences, determinants and obstetrical outcomes of unintended pregnancy. Med Forum Mon. 2018;19(11):43–7.
Joseph N, Shetty B, Hasreen F, Ishwarya R, Baniya M, Sachdeva S, et al. Awareness and Attitudes Toward Emergency Contraceptives Among College Students in South India. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2016;66:363–9.
Davis P, Sarasveni M, Krishnan J, Bhat LD, Kodali NK. Knowledge and attitudes about the use of emergency contraception among college students in Tamil Nadu, India. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2020;9(1):1.
Rohmah N, Yusuf A, Hargono R, Laksono ADAD, Masruroh, Ibrahim I, et al. Determinants of teenage pregnancy in Indonesia. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020;14(3):2080–5.
Bekele H, Dheressa M, Mengistie B, Sintayehu Y, Fekadu G. Unintended Pregnancy and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Bako Tibe District Public Health Facility, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. J Pregnancy. 2020;2020:7.
Alene M, Yismaw L, Berelie Y, Kassie B, Yeshambel R, Assemie MA. Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231012.
Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Matahari R. The association between recent sexual activity and the use of modern contraceptive methods among married/cohabiting women in Indonesia. J Public health Res. 2020;9(4):1885.
Wulandari RD, Laksono AD. Relationship of Parity and Individual Characteristics on the Contraception Use among Childbearing Age Women in East Java Province in 2017. Bul Penelit Sist Kesehat. 2021;24(1):20–30.
Seran AA, Antaria MD, Haksama S, Setijaningrum E, Laksono AD, Prahastuti Sujoso AD. Disparities of the use of hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive drugs in urban and rural areas in Indonesia and the world. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(9):66–73.
Rohmah N, Yusuf A, Hargono R, Laksono AD, Masruroh, Sujoso ADP, et al. Barrier to contraceptive use among childbearing age women in rural Indonesia. Malaysian Fam Physician. 2021;16(3):Online First.
Megatsari H, Laksono AD, Ibad M, Herwanto YT, Sarweni KP, Geno RAP, et al. The community psychosocial burden during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05136.
Ipa M, Widawati M, Laksono AD, Kusrini I, Dhewantara PW. Variation of preventive practices and its association with malaria infection in eastern Indonesia: Findings from community-based survey. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232909.
Laksono AD, Rukmini R, Wulandari RD. Regional disparities in antenatal care utilization in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0224006.
Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Kusrini I, Ibad M. The effects of mother’s education on achieving exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):14.
Yermachenko A, Massari V, Azria E, Clergue- Duval V, Thurn M, El-Khoury Lesueur F, et al. Unintended pregnancy prevention in women using psychoactive substances: A systematic review. Addict Behav. 2020;107:106393.
Nyarko SH. Unintended Pregnancy among Pregnant Women in Ghana: Prevalence and Predictors. J Pregnancy. 2019;2019:2920491.
Kassahun EA, Zeleke LB, Dessie AA, Gersa BG, Oumer HI, Derseh HA, et al. Factors associated with unintended pregnancy among women attending antenatal care in Maichew Town, Northern Ethiopia, 2017. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):1–6.
Utami SM, Handayani F, Hidayah M, Wulandari RD, Laksono AD. Ecological Analysis of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia Case in Sidoarjo Regency, Indonesia, 2015- 2019. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020;14(4):3474–9.
Megatsari H, Laksono AD, Herwanto YT, Sarweni KP, Geno RAP, Nugraheni E, et al. Does husband/partner matter in reduce women’s risk of worries?: Study of psychosocial burden of covid-19 in indonesia. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021;15(1):1101–6.
Laksono AD, Faizin K, Raunsay EM, Soerachman R. Muyu women in exile (Perempuan Muyu dalam Pengasingan) [Internet]. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbitan Balitbangkes; 2014. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/261673624/Perempuan-Muyu-dalam-Pengasingan-Riset-Ethnografi-Kesehatan-2014-Boven-Digoel
Potter JE, Stevenson AJ, Coleman-Minahan K, Hopkins K, White K, Baum SE, et al. Challenging unintended pregnancy as an indicator of reproductive autonomy. Contraception. 2019;100(1):1–4.
Feld H, Rojas V, Linares A. “We keep quiet”: exploring the context of pregnancy intention in a low-resource community in Ecuador. Sex Reprod Heal Matters. 2019;27(1):1686198.
Admasu E, Mekonnen A, Setegn T, Abeje G. Level of unintended pregnancy among reproductive age women in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):891.
Apanga PA, Adam MA. Factors influencing the uptake of family planning services in the Talensi district, Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:1–9.
Muhindo R, Okonya JN, Groves S, Chenault M. Predictors of Contraceptive Adherence among Women Seeking Family Planning Services at Reproductive Health Uganda, Mityana Branch. Int J Popul Res. 2015;2015:1–8.
Kim TY, Haider M, Hancock GR, Boudreaux MH. The Role of Health Literacy in Family Planning Use among Senegalese Women. J Health Commun. 2019;24(3):244–61.
Ahinkorah BO. Individual and contextual factors associated with mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among adolescent girls and young women in selected high fertility countries in sub- Saharan Africa: A multilevel mixed effects analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0241050.
Laksono AD, Wulandari RD. The Factors Correlate to Family Size in Indonesia. J Aspir. 2021;12(1):1–13.
Sarder A, Islam SMS, Maniruzzamana, Talukder A, Ahammed B. Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its associated factors: Evidence from six south Asian countries. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0245923.
Copyright (c) 2021 Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Publishing your paper with Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan means that the author or authors transfer the copyright to Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially.
Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:
- BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- SA: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
