Arah Kebijakan Kesehatan Mental: Tren Global dan Nasional Serta Tantangan Aktual
Abstract
Abstract
Globally, during the last three decades, mental health has played significant role in regards to the discourse of global health policy. Since two decades ago, WHO has firmly defined health as a rounded state of condition where an individual reach “...not merely the absence of the illness, but also achievement of physical, mental and social well-being.” WHO’s definition of health implies a significant impact on global health policy – all members of states should adhere their health policy to this definition. The Global Burden of Disease study carried out by IHME (The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation) in 2012 that mapped out the burden of disease around the world revealed an appalling fact namely worsened mental health condition. Years lost due to disability (YLD) study mentioned that 6 out to 20 diseases that were most responsible in causing disability were mental illnesses. Therefore, this article aimed to describe the mental illness prevalence in global and national level by reviewing several mental illness epidemiological studies. Additionally, this article highlighted some of important challenges that should be considered by healthcare service providers and policymakers in tackling mental health issues, which are treatment gap and mental health stigma.
Keywords: Mental Health Policy, Global and National Prevalence, Treatment Gap
Abstrak
Secara global, dalam kurun waktu 30 tahun terakhir, isu mengenai kesehatan mental memainkan peran penting dalam perumusan kebijakan kesehatan global. Sejak dua dekade yang lalu, WHO mengeluarkan definisi sehat sebagai suatu kondisi dimana seorang indvidu mencapai “...tak sekedar bebas dari penyakit, melainkan mampu mencapai kesejahteraan fisik, mental dan sosial.” Definisi dari WHO tersebut berkonsekuensi besar dalam perumusan kebijakan kesehatan mental, dimana seluruh negara anggotanya harus menyandarkan garis besar kebijakan kesehatannya pada definisi ini. Studi mengenai Global Burden of Disease yang diselenggarakan oleh IHME (The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation) mengungkapkan bahwa ada tren yang menunjukkan bahwa kondisi kesehatan mental menjadi ancaman serius. Studi mengenai jumlah tahun yang hilang akibat disabilitas (YLD) menyebutkan bahwa 6 dari 20 penyakit yang paling bertanggung jawab menyebabkan disabilitas adalah penyakit mental. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan prevalensi gangguan mental dalam skup global dan nasional dengan cara meninjau beberapa riset epidemiologis yang berfokus pada gangguan mental. Selain itu, artikel ini akan membahas mengenai isu-isu penting yang merupakan tantangan bagi pelayanan kesehatan mental di Indonesia yang harus ditanggapi serius oleh penyedia layanan kesehatan mental dan pembuat kebijakan, yaitu kesenjangan perawatan dan stigma.
Kata kunci: Kebijakan Kesehatan Mental, Prevalensi Global dan Nasional, Kesenjangan
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