Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia

Potensi Komponen Bioaktif Air Susu Ibu terhadap Perkembangan Otak Melalui Mekanisme Aksis Usus-Otak

Siti Sarahdeaz Putri — 2023-05-08

Abstrak

Air susu ibu (ASI) eksklusif telah terbukti sebaga sumber nutrisi alami yang sehat dan dapat mengoptimalkan
semua potensi tumbuh kembang anak. Selain berperan utama dalam perkembangan fisik, ASI juga diyakini
bermanfaat penting dalam mengembangkan potensi perkembangan mental. ASI mengandung komponen makro
dan mikro nutrien. Selain itu, ASI juga mengandung komponen bioaktif seperti prebiotik human milk
oligosaccharides (HMO) yang berperan penting dalam regulasi aksis usus-otak.
Peran prebiotik dalam perkembangan fungsi kognitif anak melalui beberapa mekanisme. Prebiotik memicu
pertumbuhan bakteri baik (probiotik) di usus yang akan menghasilkan short chain fatty acid (SCFA) untuk fungsi
imunitas. SCFA juga melintasi sawar darah otak untuk menginduksi pelepasan hormon peptida dan memodulasi
faktor neurotropik yang berperan pada pertumbuhan struktur syaraf. Berbagai penelitian telah dikutip bahwa
HMO dan SCFA telah berperan dalam mencegah kerusakan sawar darah otak, memacu neurogenesis, dan
meningkatkan daya ingat.
Kata kunci: Air susu ibu, aksis usus-otak, prebiotic HMO, SCFA, neurogenesis.

Abstract
Breast milk is a healthy source of natural nutrients. Breast milk has been proven to be able to optimize children's
growth and development. In addition to playing a major role in physical growth, breast milk is also believed to
be important in mental development. Breast milk contains macro- and micronutrients. Breast milk also contains
bioactive components of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). HMO is prebiotics that plays a role in the
regulation of the gut-brain axis.
The role of prebiotics in the cognitive development through several mechanisms. Prebiotics trigger the growth of
good bacteria (probiotics) in the intestines. The bacteria will produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) for immunity
function. SCFA will go through the blood brain barrier to induce the release of peptide hormones and modulate
neurotrophic factors. These compounds play a role in the growth of nerve structures. Various studies on the
benefits of HMO and SCFA have been cited. Its has been shown to prevent damage to the blood brain barrier,
stimulate neurogenesis, and improve memory.
Keywords: Breast milk, gut-brain axis, HMO prebiotic, SCFA, neurogenesis.

Peran Ekstrak Biji Ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) terhadap Kolesterol dan Glukosa Plasma Darah Tikus Obes

Novi Silvia Hardiany — 2023-05-08

ABSTRAK

Angka kejadian obesitas makin bertambah seiring berkembangnya waktu serta teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan.
Kondisi obesitas selalu disertai dengan peningkatan lipid darah termasuk kolesterol dan menimbulkan resistensi
insulin yang berdampak pada peningkatan glukosa darah. Ketumbar (Coriandrum Saativum L.) merupakan salah
satu tanaman herbal yang terkenal memiliki efek antihiperlipidemi dan antihiperglikemi. Penelitian ini
menggunakan 29 tikus Wistar yang dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol normal yang mendapat pakan standar 24
minggu, kelompok normal yang mendapat pakan standar 24 minggu dan diberi ketumbar selama 12 minggu,
kelompok preventif yang mendapat 12 minggu pakan standar dan dilanjutkan 12 minggu pakan tinggi lemak serta
diberikan ketumbar, kontrol obes yang mendapat pakan tinggi lemak selama 24 minggu dan kelompok obes yang
mendapat pakan tinggi lemak selama 24 minggu serta pemberian ketumbar selama 12 minggu. Sampel yang
digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah plasma darah yang diambil pada minggu ke-12 sebelum pemberian ketumbar
dan sesudah pemberian ketumbar pada minggu ke-24 untuk dilakukan pengukuran konsentrasi kolesterol dan
glukosa. Pengukuran berat badan juga dilakukan untuk menilai kondisi obesitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa ekstrak biji ketumbar mampu menurunkan berat badan, dan menurunkan kadar kolesterol plasma darah
pada tikus yang diinduksi obesitas, namun tidak menurunkan konsentrasi glukosa.
Kata kunci: Obesitas, Coriandum Sativum, kolesterol, glukosa

ABSTRACT
The incidence of obesity is increasing over time as well as technology and science. Obesity is always accompanied
by an increase in blood lipids including cholesterol and causes insulin resistance which results in an increase of
blood glucose. Coriander (Coriandrum Saativum L.) is one of the herbal which known for its antihyperlipidemic
and antihyperglycemic effects. This study used 29 Wistar rats which were divided into a normal control group that
received 24 weeks of standard feed, a normal group that received 24 weeks of standard feed and was given
coriander for 12 weeks, a preventive group that received 12 weeks of standard feed and continued with 12 weeks
of high-fat diet while being given coriander, obese controls which received a high-fat diet for 24 weeks and the
obese group who received a high-fat diet for 24 weeks and coriander for 12 weeks. Blood plasma was examined,
taken at the 12th week before administration coriander and after administration of coriander at 24
th week to be
checked for plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations. Body weight measurements were also carried out to
assess the condition of obesity. The effect of coriander in this study showed that coriander seed extract was able
to reduce body weight gain, and reduce blood plasma cholesterol levels in obese induced rats, but did not reduce
glucose concentrations.
Keywords: Obesity, Coriandum Sativum, cholesterol, glucose

Designing a bivalent multiepitope vaccine against measles virus and rubella virus using an immunoinformatic approach

Luqman Abdan Syakurana — 2023-05-08

Abstract
Measles and rubella are diseases caused by viruses that affect children worldwide. Although vaccination have
drastically reduced the number of measles and rubella cases, outbreaks have been reported in areas with low
vaccination rate, which is attributed to the public's hesitation to accept the vaccine currently available. In this
study, an immunoinformatics approach is used to design a new measles-rubella vaccine to overcome the limitations
of the vaccines available today. Several software and web servers were used to predict epitopes in silico and design
multiepitope peptide vaccines. Several epitopes were selected that included B cell, CD8+ T cell, and CD4+ T cell
epitopes of the H Measles Virus protein and the E1 Rubella Virus protein. The secondary and 3D structure of the
constructed vaccine was predicted and evaluated using several web servers. A molecular docking procedure was
conducted to simulate the interaction between the vaccine and TLR-5 receptor. Conformational transition analysis
was conducted to analyze the stability of the docking complex, while an immune response simulation was
conducted in silico. Our results showed that the constructed vaccine has a good structure quality and could form a
stable complex with TLR-5 receptor. A wide immune response was predicted to be induced by the constructed
vaccine. Further research remains warranted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in vivo and
in vitro. The results of this study may have significant clinical implication by providing an alternative vaccine
design to slow the spread of both measles and rubella infections.
Keywords: flagellin adjuvant, immunoinformatics, measles-rubella vaccine, multiepitope vaccine, vaccine

Abstrak
Campak dan rubella adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang menyerang anak-anak di seluruh dunia.
Meskipun vaksinasi telah secara drastis mengurangi jumlah kasus campak dan rubella, wabah telah dilaporkan di
daerah-daerah dengan tingkat vaksinasi yang rendah, yang dikaitkan dengan keraguan masyarakat untuk menerima
vaksin yang tersedia saat ini. Dalam penelitian ini, pendekatan imunoinformatika digunakan untuk merancang
vaksin campak-rubella baru untuk mengatasi keterbatasan vaksin yang tersedia saat ini. Beberapa perangkat lunak
dan server web digunakan untuk memprediksi epitop secara in silico dan merancang vaksin peptida multiepitop.
Beberapa epitop dipilih yang mencakup sel B, sel T CD8+, dan epitop sel T CD4+ dari protein Virus Campak H
dan protein Virus Rubella E1. Struktur sekunder dan 3D dari vaksin yang dibangun diprediksi dan dievaluasi
menggunakan beberapa server web. Prosedur docking molekuler dilakukan untuk mensimulasikan interaksi antara
vaksin dan reseptor TLR-5. Analisis transisi konformasi dilakukan untuk menganalisis stabilitas kompleks
docking, sementara simulasi respons imun dilakukan secara in silico. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa vaksin
yang dibuat memiliki kualitas struktur yang baik dan dapat membentuk kompleks yang stabil dengan reseptor
TLR-5. Respon imun yang luas diprediksi dapat diinduksi oleh vaksin yang dibuat. Penelitian lebih lanjut masih
diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi keamanan dan imunogenisitas vaksin secara in vivo dan in vitro. Hasil penelitian
ini mungkin memiliki implikasi klinis yang signifikan dengan memberikan desain vaksin alternatif untuk
memperlambat penyebaran infeksi campak dan rubella.
Kata Kunci: adjuvan flagellin, imunoinformatika, vaksin, vaksin measles-rubela, vaksin multiepitop

Perbandingan Variasi Konsentrasi dan Waktu Perendaman Ekstrak Batang Pohon Jati Sebagai Pewarna Alternatif Eosin 2% pada Pemeriksaan Telur Soil Transmitted Helminth

Lindah Kusumawati — 2023-05-10

ABSTRAK
Pemeriksaan feses metode langsung umumnya lebih banyak digunakan karena lebih praktis dan mudah
dikerjakan. Eosin 2% merupakan pewarna sediaan telur Soil Transmitted Helminth yang sering digunakan.
Namun, harga eosin yang mahal dan menjadi salah satu bahan yang tergolong dalam karsinogen IARC kelas 3
sehingga diperlukan alternatif pewarna dari bahan alam. Batang pohon jati salah satu bahan alam yang dapat
digunakan sebagai alternatif Eosin 2% karena memiliki kandungan antosianin yang dapat memberikan warna
merah, biru, ungu dan orange. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dan waktu perendaman
terbaik ekstrak batang pohon jati pada pemeriksaan sediaan telur Soil Transmitted Helminth. Jenis penelitian ini
berupa true experiment dengan rancangan Posttest Only Control Group Design. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan
April-Juni 2022. Sebanyak 31 slide diberi perlakuan kontrol dan ekstrak batang pohon jati. Data dianalisis
menggunakan uji Friedman dengan hasil konsentrasi terbaik sebesar 45% pada waktu perendaman 24 jam.
Kata Kunci: Eosin 2%, Soil Transmitted Helminth, Ekstrak Batang Pohon Jati, Antosianin

ABSTRACT
The direct method of feces examination is generally more widely used because it is more practical and easy to
do. Eosin 2% is a dye for Soil-Transmitted Helminth egg preparations that are often used. However, the price of
eosin is expensive, and it is one of the materials classified as IARC class 3 carcinogens, so alternative dyes from
natural ingredients are needed. The teak tree trunk is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an
alternative to 2% Eosin because it contains anthocyanins which can give red, blue, purple, and orange colors.
This study aimed to determine the best concentration and immersion time of teak tree trunk in examining SoilTransmitted Helminth egg preparations. This type of research is a true experiment with Posttest Only Control
Group Design. The study was conducted from April to June 2022. 31 slides were treated with control and teak
tree trunk extract. Data were analyzed using the Repeated Measure ANOVA test with the best concentration of
45% at 24 hours of immersion.
Keywords: Eosin 2%, Soil Transmitted Helminth, Teak Tree Trunk Extract, Anthocyanin

Kemampuan Infeksi Virus Kimera Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIVst) pada Kultur Sel HT-29

Budiman Bela — 2023-05-10

ABSTRAK
Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) merupakan virus kimera yang berasal dari
rekombinasi antara HIV yang dapat menginfeksi manusia dan SIV yang dapat menginfeksi primata
non manuisa. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan substitusi sekuens gen virus kimera pada sekuens gen
gag, yaitu Cyclophilin A binding domain, gen vif, dan gen nef. Hasil rekombinasi pada virus kimera
SHIV ini dilakukan dan diinfeksikan pada sel manusia yaitu sel HT-29. Uji infektivitas virus kimera
SHIVst ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan infeksi virus kimera pada sel manusia melalui
kinetika replikasi virus yaitu melalui keberadaan materi genetic yaitu RNA virus dan protein kapsid,
yaitu p24. Hasil yang diperoleh virus kimera dapat dihasilkan melalui transfeksi pada sel CHO.
Analisis keberadaan materi genetic melalui tahapan isolasi RNA yang divisualisasi melalui proses
amplifikasi dengan PCR konvensional dan reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) terdapat pita RNA
virus yang terbentuk. Namun, pada hasil infeksi virus kimera yang dilakukan pada sel HT-29,
keberadaan RNA virus melalui tahapan amplifikasi baik PCR konvensional maupun RT PCR tidak
menunjukkan terbentuknya pita spesifik RNA virus.
Kata kunci: Infeksi, HIV, SIV, SHIVst, Kultur Sel HT-29

ABSTRACT
Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) is a chimeric virus originating from recombination
between HIV which can infect humans and SIV which can infect non-human primates. In this study,
the chimera virus gene sequence was substituted by gag, specifically Cyclophilin A binding domain
gene, vif, and nef gene. The result of recombination in the SHIV chimera virus was carried out and
infected in human cells, namely HT-29 cells which have an alternative molecule that can recognize
the gp120 receptor, galactocylceremide. The infectivity test of the SHIVst chimera virus aims to see
the ability of chimera virus infection through viral replication kinetics which is observed through the
presence of viral RNA as genetic material and capsid protein, p24. The results obtained by the
chimera virus can be produced by transfection in CHO cells. Analysis of the presence of genetic
material through the stages of RNA isolation was visualized through the amplification process by
conventional PCR and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) showed that viral RNA bands were
formed. However, in the results of chimera virus infection carried out on HT-29 cells, the presence of
viral RNA through the amplification stages of both conventional PCR and RT PCR did not show the
formation of viral RNA-specific bands.
Keywords: Infectivity, HIV, SIV, SHIVst, HT-29 Cell Culture.

Ekspresi Transien Protein Rekombinan Spike S1 SARS-CoV-2 Pada Sel CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary)

Devia Puspita Natalicka — 2023-05-10

ABSTRAK
SARS-CoV-2 merupakan virus penyebab pandemi infeksi COVID-19 yang dilaporkan pertama kali di Wuhan,
Cina. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menekan kasus infeksi SARS-CoV-2 seperti pengembangan obat, vaksin,
sistem deteksi hingga terapi plasma konvalesen. Protein Spike merupakan target utama antibodi netralisasi.
Antibodi netralisasi pada orang yang telah sembuh dari infeksi COVID-19 merupakan salah satu syarat untuk
menjadi pendonor plasma konvalesen, sehingga diperlukan sistem deteksi antibodi netralisasi seperti tes serologi
berbasis kompetitif ELISA yang mudah, murah, cepat dan tidak membutuhkan BSL3 atau BSL2. Sistem deteksi
ini membutuhkan protein rekombinan spike S1 SARS-CoV-2 sebagai antigen yang dapat diekspresikan pada
berbagai sistem ekspresi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekspresikan protein rekombinan spike S1 SARSCoV-2 pada sistem ekspresi mamalia menggunakan sel kultur CHO. Penelitian ini menggunakan plasmid pD609
sebagai vektor ekspresi sel mamalia dan telah disisipkan gen spike S1 SARS-CoV-2. DNA plasmid ditransfeksi
secara transien ke dalam sel CHO selanjutnya post transfeksi dilihat dengan melakukan immunostaining.
Supernatan media sel kultur CHO post transfeksi dianalisis dengan teknik ELISA untuk melihat reaktivitas
terhadap serum konvalesen COVID-19. Hasil immunostaining menunjukkan plasmid pD609 S1 Spike FoldonHis dapat mengekspresikan protein rekombinan spike S1 dan berdasarkan hasil Elisa menunjukkan supernatan
media sel kultur CHO post transfeksi reaktif terhadap serum konvalesen COVID-19.
Kata kunci: SARS-CoV-2, Spike, Sel CHO

ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the COVID-19 infection pandemic which was first reported in Wuhan,
China. Various efforts were conducted to suppress cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the development of
drugs, vaccines, and detection systems for convalescent plasma therapy. Spike protein is the main target of
neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies in people who have recovered from COVID-19 infection is one
of the requirements to become convalescent plasma donors, so a neutralizing antibody detection system is
needed such as a competitive ELISA-based serology test that is easy, inexpensive, fast, and does not require
BSL3 or BSL2. This detection system requires recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 as an antigen that can
be expressed in various expression systems. This study aimed to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 recombinant
protein in the mammalian expression system using CHO culture cells. This study used the plasmid pD609 as an
expression vector for mammalian cells and the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike gene was inserted. Plasmid DNA was
transiently transfected into CHO cells and post-transfection was seen by immunostaining. Post-transfection
CHO cell culture media supernatants were analysed by ELISA to see the reactivity to COVID-19 convalescent
serum. Immunostaining results showed that the plasmid pD609 S1 Spike Foldon-His could express the
recombinant protein S1 Spike and based on Elisa’s result, the post-transfection CHO cell culture supernatant
was reactive against COVID-19 convalescent serum.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Spike, CHO cells

Kadar Sekresi IL-10 Hepar Mencit Galur BALB/c Setelah Pemberian Protein Pili 65,5 kDa Klebsiella pneumoniae

Enny Suswati — 2023-05-10

ABSTRACT
Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to the genus Klebsiella in the family Enterobacteriaceae, which is often found as a
nosocomial disease in hospitals. K. pneumoniae is easily resistant to antibiotics because it has the Extended-Spectrum
-Lactamase enzyme. The death rate from this bacterium reaches 28.3% and continues to increase. This study used
the organelle protein pili K. pneumoniae. This immune reaction can be measured by looking at the increased levels
of Interleukin-10 as a post-infection resolution protein, so the aim of the study was to find a relationship between
increased liver IL-10 levels and exposure to K. pneumoniae pili protein in mice. The variables in this study were IL10 levels in the liver of mice and pili protein concentrations of 65.5 kDa K. pneumoniae in each group. The correlation
analysis test of this study used the One-way Anova correlation test and continued with the Post Hoc test. This study
used 21 liver samples which were divided into 3 groups. The first group is the control group given PBS, the second
group is the treatment group with pili protein, and the third group is the adjuvant group. Liver samples were
processed using Sandwich ELISA. The results showed an increase in IL-10 levels in the treatment group given the
pili protein 65.5 kDa Klebsiella pneumoniae. The data also showed differences in the total mean of each group in IL10 levels after administration of K. pneumoniae pili protein (p=0.008). The treatment group had the highest mean
levels of IL-10 so there was an increased relationship between exposure to pili protein and IL-10 levels in mice based
on crude data. There was a significant increase in IL-10 levels in the treatment group compared to the adjuvant group
and there was an average increase in IL-10 levels in the treatment group compared to the control group, although
statistically the increase was not different and the relationship increased significantly.M.
Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Interleukin-10, pili protein 65,5 kDa.

ABSTRAK
Klebsiella pneumoniae termasuk genus Klebsiella dalam famili Enterobacteriaceae, sering ditemukan sebagai
penyakit nosokomial di rumah sakit. K. pneumoniae termasuk bakteri mudah resisten terhadap antibiotik
dikarenakan memiliki enzim Extended Spectrum β- Lactamase. Tingkat kematian akibat bakteri ini mencapai 28,3%
dan terus meningkat. Penelitian ini menggunakan organel protein pili K. pneumoniae. Reaksi imun ini dapat diukur
dengan melihat peningkatan kadar Interleukin-10 sebagai protein resolusi pasca infeksi sehingga tujuan penelitian
menemukan hubungan peningkatan kadar IL-10 hepar terhadap paparan protein pili K. pneumoniae pada mencit.
Variabel penelitian ini adalah kadar IL-10 pada hepar mencit dan kadar konsentrasi protein pili 65,5 kDa K.
pneumoniae pada setiap kelompok. Uji analisis korelasi penelitian ini menggunakan uji korelasi One-way Anova
dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Penelitian ini menggunakan 21 sampel hepar yang dibagi dalam 3 kelompok.
Kelompok pertama adalah kelompok kontrol dengan pemberian PBS, kelompok kedua adalah kelompok perlakuan
dengan pemberian protein pili, dan kelompok ketiga adalah kelompok adjuvan. Sampel hepar diproses dengan
menggunakan Sandwich ELISA.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan kadar IL-10 pada kelompok perlakuan
yang diberikan protein pili 65,5 kDa Klebsiella pneumoniae. Data juga menunjukan perbedaan mean total setiap
kelompok pada kadar IL-10 setelah pemberian protein pili K. pneumoniae (p=0,008). Kelompok perlakuan memiliki
mean kadar IL-10 tertinggi sehingga terdapat hubungan peningkatan antara paparan protein pili dengan kadar IL10 pada mencit secara data kasar. Peningkatan kadar IL-10 signifikan terdapat pada kelompok perlakuan dibanding
kelompok adjuvan dan terdapat peningkatan rata-rata kadar IL-10 pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan
kelompok kontrol meskipun secara statistik peningkatan tidak berbeda dan hubungan peningkatan secara signifikan.
Kata kunci: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Interleukin-10, protein pili 65,5 kDa.

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