PERBANDINGAN RISIKO KESEHATAN PENGGUNAAN ADITIF FTALAT DAN NON FTALAT PADA BAHAN PLASTIK KEMASAN MAKANAN
Keywords:
Plasticizer, Phthalate, Non-phthalate, Health risks, Pemlastis, Ftalat, Non ftalat, Risiko kesehatan
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The use of plastic-based food packagings has become an option considering their practicality and affordability. However, it is necessary to be aware of the health risks caused by exposure of phthalate plasticizer additives. This article aims to determine the comparison of risks of using phthalate and non-phthalate as plasticizers by scoping review method. The articles were searched through Google Scholar, Pubmed, and official website portals. After categorizing process, we obtained 41 articles for review refference. The result showed that phthalates are categorized as toxic compounds which have risks to disrupt endocrine glands activities. One of the phthalate compounds widely used as plasticizer is di-(2-ethylhexyl) phtalat, which is categorized into Group 2B (probably carcinogenic). Human biomonitoring values for six phthalate compounds vary from 0.02 to 8 mg/kg/day, while alternative plasticizer compounds ranging from 100 to 1,000 mg/kg/day. These alternative phthalate compounds are relatively safer because they do not easily migrate into food or drinks. There is no regulation due to phthlate restriction as plasticizer in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to design the relevant regulation and we recommend the safer non-pthalate alternatives for plasticizers.
Keywords: Plasticizer, Phthalate, Non-phthalate, Health risks
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan kemasan makanan berbahan dasar plastik menjadi pilihan karena dinilai praktis dan harganya terjangkau. Namun perlu diwaspadai risiko kesehatan dari pajanan aditif plastik berupa pemlastis yang terbuat dari senyawa ftalat. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melakukan tinjauan perbandingan risiko penggunaan pemlastis berbahan ftalat dan alternatif non ftalat dengan metode scoping review. Penelusuran artikel melalui portal Google Scholar, Pubmed, dan situs resmi pemerintah/lembaga. Setelah melalui proses pengkategorian, diperoleh 41 artikel yang digunakan sebagai referensi tinjauan. Dari hasil tinjauan literatur diperoleh informasi bahwa senyawa ftalat dikategorikan dalam senyawa toksik dan berisiko mengganggu kerja kelenjar endokrin. Bahkan salah satu senyawa ftalat yang banyak digunakan sebagai aditif pemlastis, yaitu di-(2-ethylhexyl) phtalat, dikategorikan ke dalam Golongan 2B (probably carcinogenic). Nilai human biomonitoring untuk enam senyawa ftalat bervariasi pada kisaran 0,02–8 mg/kg/hari, sedangkan nilai untuk pemlastis alternatif berkisar antara 100-1000 mg/kg/hari. Senyawa alternatif non ftalat dianggap aman karena tidak mudah bermigrasi memajani makanan atau minuman. Di Indonesia belum ada regulasi yang mengatur pembatasan ftalat sebagai pemlastis, karena itu perlu dirancang regulasi terkait dan merekomendasikan alternatif pemlastis non ftalat yang aman bagi kesehatan.
Kata kunci: Pemlastis, Ftalat, Non ftalat, Risiko kesehatan
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Choi, J., Aarøe Mørck, T., Polcher, A., Knudsen, L., Joas, A., 2014. Review of the state of the art of human biomonitoring for chemical substances and its application to human exposure assessment for food safety. EFSA Support. Publ. 2015, 321.
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Hodges, G., Eadsforth, C., Bossuyt, B., Bouvy, A., Enrici, M.H., Geurts, M., Kotthoff, M., Michie, E., Miller, D., Müller, J., Oetter, G., Roberts, J., Schowanek, D., Sun, P., Venzmer, J., 2019. A comparison of log K ow (n-octanol–water partition coefficient) values for non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants determined using predictions and experimental methods. Environ. Sci. Eur. 31, 1–18. doi:10.1186/s12302-018-0176-7
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Jeddi, M.Z., Gorji, M.E., Rietjens, I.M.C.M., Louisse, J., de Bruin, Y.B., Liska, R., 2018. Biomonitoring and subsequent risk assessment of combined exposure to phthalates in iranian children and adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15. doi:10.3390/ijerph15102336
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Liu, Y., Guan, Y., Yang, Z., Cai, Z., Mizuno, T., Tsuno, H., Zhu, W., Zhang, X., 2009. Toxicity of seven phthalate esters to embryonic development of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. Ecotoxicology 18, 293–303. doi:10.1007/s10646-008-0283-0
METI Japan, 2020. Hazard Assessment of Some Chemical Substances Which Have Been “Suspected to Be Endocrine Disrupters”. Hazard assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. [WWW Document]. URL http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/gED0311e.pdf (accessed 7.2.20).
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Plastic Europe, 2019. Plastics - the Facts 2019.
Rudel, R.A., Gray, J.M., Engel, C.L., Rawsthorne, T.W., Dodson, R.E., Ackerman, J.M., Rizzo, J., Nudelman, J.L., Brody, J.G., 2011. Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: Findings from a dietary intervention. Environ. Health Perspect. 119, 914–920. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003170
Rumrill, P.D., Fitzgerald, S.M., Merchant, W.R., 2010. Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature. Work 35, 399–404. doi:10.3233/WOR-2010-0998
Schecter, A., Lorber, M., Guo, Y., Wu, Q., Yun, S.H., Kannan, K., Hommel, M., Imran, N., Hynan, L.S., Cheng, D., Colacino, J.A., Birnbaum, L.S., 2013. Phthalate concentrations and dietary exposure from food purchased in New York state. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 473–479. doi:10.1289/ehp.1206367
Silva, M., Samandar, E., Ye, X., Calafat, A., 2013. In Vitro Metabolites of Di-2-ethylhexyl Adipate (DEHA) as Biomarkers of Exposure in Human Biomonitoring Applications. Chem Res Toxicol 26, 1498–1502.
Tetra Pak, 2020. Packaging material for Tetra Pak carton packages [WWW Document]. URL https://www.tetrapak.com/packaging/materials (accessed 7.9.20).
Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2018. Food Contact Materials. Overview of Regulations Analysis and Trends [WWW Document]. URL https://www.pragolab.cz/files/aktuality/2018-12/ai-72745-food-contact-materials-ai72745-en.pdf. (accessed 6.25.20).
Umweltbundesamt, 2015. Reference and HBM Values [WWW Document]. URL https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/health/commissions-working-groups/human-biomonitoring-commission/reference-hbm-values (accessed 5.26.20).
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US EPA, 2012. Phthalates Action Plan.
Vliet, E. Van, Reitano, E., Chhabra, J., Bergen GP, Whyatt, R., 2011. A review of alternatives to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical devices in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinato 31, 1–7. doi:10.1038/jid.2014.371
Wang, Y., Zhang, B., 2017. The Chemicals Migration Research Of Plastic Food Packaging, in: 2017 3rd International Conference on Environment, Biology, Medicine and Computer Applications(ICEBMCA 2017). pp. 57–61. doi:10.25236/icebmca.2017.12
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Published
2021-06-29
How to Cite
Laelasari, E., Anwar, A. and Puspita, T. (2021) “PERBANDINGAN RISIKO KESEHATAN PENGGUNAAN ADITIF FTALAT DAN NON FTALAT PADA BAHAN PLASTIK KEMASAN MAKANAN”, JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN, 20(1), pp. 21-35. doi: 10.22435/jek.v20i1.3683.
Section
Articles
