Kajian Literatur: Faktor Risiko Hipertensi pada Remaja di Indonesia
Literature Review: Hypertension Risk Factors Among Adolescents in Indonesia
Abstract
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the non communicable disease which has become a serious problem lately and is one of the ten highest chronic diseases in America. Generally, hypertension occurs in the elderly, but studies have found that hypertension can appear since adolescent and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Hypertension that is not recognize in adolescent could continue into adulthood and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the effects of various risk factors on the incidence of hypertension in adolescent in Indonesia. The design of this study is a literature review. The articles obtained through search engine are cross sectional research articles respondents aged 11-19 years. The selected inclusion criteria were adolescent with hypertension, aged between 11-19 years, and in the territory of Indonesia. The results showed that poor sleep quality had significantly affected 4.1 times the incidence of hypertsion in adolescent, and also the Body Mass Index (BMI) 4.85 times, and a family history 3.9 times. The conclusion of this study is poor sleep quality, excessive nutritional status (high BMI), and family history of hypertension could increase the risk adolescents experiencing hypertension.
Abstrak
Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit tidak menular (PTM) yang menjadi masalah serius belakangan ini dan masuk ke dalam sepuluh penyakit kronis tertinggi di Amerika. Umumnya, hipertensi terjadi pada usia lanjut, tetapi penelitian menemukan hipertensi dapat muncul sejak remaja dan prevalensinya meningkat beberapa tahun terakhir. Hipertensi yang tidak disadari pada usia remaja dapat berlanjut hingga usia dewasa dan meningkatkan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas. Tujuan dari kajian literatur ini adalah menganalisa pengaruh berbagai faktor risiko terhadap kejadian hipertensi pada remaja di Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini merupakan literature review. Artikel-artikel yang diperoleh melalui search engine merupakan artikel penelitian cross sectional dengan responden berusia 11-19 tahun. Kriteria inklusi artikel yang dipilih adalah remaja dengan hipertensi, responden berusia antara 11-19 tahun, dan di wilayah Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas tidur, indeks massa tubuh menurut umur (IMT/U), dan riwayat hipertensi keluarga memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terhadap kejadian hipertensi. Kualitas tidur yang buruk memiliki risiko 4,1 kali lebih besar, IMT/U yang tinggi memiliki risiko 4,85 kali lebih besar, dan riwayat hipertensi keluarga memiliki risiko 3,9 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami hipertensi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kualitas tidur yang rendah, status gizi berlebih (IMT tinggi), dan adanya riwayat hipertensi keluarga dapat meningkatkan risiko remaja mengalami hipertensi.
References
Tifani Lasianjayani SM. Hubungan antara obesitas dan perilaku merokok terhadap Kejadian hipertensi. J Berk Epidemiol. 2014;2(3):286–96.
Kurnianingtyas BF, Suyatno, Kartasurya MI. Faktor Risiko kejadian hipertensi pada siswa sma di kota semarang Tahun 2016. J Kesehat Masy. 2017;5(2):70–7.
Varda NM. Hypertension in adolescent. health(IrvineCalif)[Internet]. 2016;8(August):1065–74.Diunduh dari:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/16716793.
Flynn JT, Ingelfinger JR, Redwine KM. Pediatric Hypertension [Internet]. Fourth Edi. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2017. Diunduh dari: http://link. springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4.
Saing JH. Hipertensi pada remaja. Sari Pediatr. 2005;6(4):159–65.
Kit BK, Kuklina E, Carroll MD, Ostchega Y, Freedman DS, Ogden CL . Prevalence of and trends in dyslipidemia and blood pressure among us children and adolescents, 19992012. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(3):272-9.
Bloch KV, Klein CH, Szklo M, Kuschnir MCC, De Azevedo Abreu G, Barufaldi LA, et al. ERICA: Prevalences of hypertension and obesity in brazilian adolescents. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50(suppl 1):1s–12s.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Riset kesehatan dasar 2013. Jakarta : Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan ;2013. p1–384.
Nurmayanti. Studi Validasi Ukuran Antropometri Komposisi Lemak Tubuh terhadap Tekanan Darah pada Siswa-Siswi di SMAK Penabur Jakarta Tahun 2014. Universitas Indonesia; 2014.
Angesti AN, Triyanti, Sartika RAD. Riwayat Hipertensi Keluarga Sebagai Faktor Dominan Hipertensi pada Remaja Kelas XI SMA Sejahtera 1 Depok Tahun 2017. Bul Penelit Kesehat. 2018;46(1):1–10.
Dharnidharka EA. hypertension in the teenager. Natl Institutes Heal. 2015;61(1):131– 51.
Nuraini B. Risk Factors of hypertension. J Major. 2015;4(5):10–9.
Sumayku IM, Pandelaki K, Wongkar MCP. Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh dan Lingkar Pinggang dengan Tekanan Darah pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi. e-CliniC [Internet]. 2014;2(2). Diunduh dari: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/ index.php/eclinic/article/view/5022.
Yoo JE, Park HS. Relationship Between Parental Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:678–83.
Naha NK, John M, Cherian VJ. Prevalence of Hypertension and Risk Factors Among School Children in Kerala, India. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2016;3(3):931–8.
Kuciene R, Dulskiene V. Associations of Short Sleep Duration with Prehypertension and Hypertension Among Lithuanian Children and Adolescents : A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2014;14(1):1– 8. Diunduh dari: BMC Public Health.
Nasution ATP, Ramayati R, Sofyani S, Ramayani OR, Siregar R. Quality of Sleep and Hypertension in Adolescents. Pediatr Indones. 2016;56(5):272–6.
B. ML, Azmi S, Erkadius. Hubungan Kualitas Tidur dengan Tekanan Darah pada Pelajar Kelas 2 SMA Negeri 10 Padang. J Kesehat Andalas. 2017;6(2):318–23.
Marlina Y, Huriyati E, Sunarto Y. Indeks Massa Tubuh dan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Tekanan Darah pada Pelajar SMA. Gizi Klin Indones. 2016;12(4):160–6.
Novianingsih E, Kartini A. Hubungan Antara Beberapa Indikator Status Gizi dengan Tekanan Darah pada Remaja. J Nutr Coll. 2012;1(1):169–75.
Yusrizal M, Indarto D, Akhyar M. Risk of Hypertension in Overweight Adolescents in Pangkalpinang , Indonesia. J Epidemiol Public Heal. 2016;1(1):27–36.
Pardede SO, Yunilasari, Setyanto DB. Prevalence and Factors that Influence Hypertension in Adolescents in Central Jakarta. Am J Clin Med Res. 2017;5(4):43–8.
Bal C, Öztürk A, Çiçek B, Özdemir A, Zararsız G, Ünalan D, et al. The Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Sleep Duration in Turkish Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrino. 2018;10(1):518.
Ewald DR, Haldeman LA. Risk Factors in Adolescent Hypertension. Glob Pediatr Heal [Internet]. 2016;3:2333794X1562515. Diunduh dari: http://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/10.1177/2333794X15625159.
Amanda H, Prastiwi S, Sutriningsih A. Hubungan Kualitas Tidur dengan Tingkat Kekambuhan Hipertensi pada Lansia di Kelurahan Tlogomas Kota Malang. Nurs News (Meriden). 2017;2(3):437–47.
Castro-diehl C, Roux AVD, Redline S, Seeman T, Mckinley P, Sloan R, et al. Sleep Duration and Quality in Relation to Autonomic Nervous System Measures: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sleep. 2016;39(11):1927–40.
Chorin E, Hassidim A, Hartal M, Havakuk O, Flint N, Ziv-Baran TE, et al. Trends in Adolescents Obesity and the Association between BMI and Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study in 714,922 Healthy Teenagers. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(9).
Ononamadu CJ, Ezekwesili CN, Onyeukwu OF, Umeoguaju F, Ezeigwe OC, Ihegboro GO. Comparative Analysis of Anthropometric Indices of Obesity as Correlates and Potential Predictors of Risk for Hypertension and Prehypertension in A Population in Nigeria. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017;28(2):92–9.
Cheah WL, Chang CT, Hazmi H, Woei GFK. Using Anthropometric Indicator to Identify Hypertension in Adolescents: A Study in Sarawak, Malaysia. Int J Hypertens. 2018;2018.
Kautsar F, Syam A, Salam A. Obesitas, Asupan Natrium, dan Kalium terhadap Tekanan Darah. J MKMI. 2014;187–92.
Brady TM. Obesity Related Hypertension in Children. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:1–7.
Christofaro DGD, Mesas AE, Dias RMR, Fernandes RA, Saraiva BTC, Palma MR, et al. Association Between Hypertension in Adolescents and The Health Risk Factors of Their Parents: An Epidemiological Family Study. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2017;
Vohra R, Bansal M, Grover N, Bhardwaj P, Kumar P. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents with A Family History of Cardiovascular Disease. Sri Lanka J Child Heal. 2017;46(4):326–30.
Maranon R, Reckelhoff JF. Sex and Gender Differences in Control of Blood Pressure. Clin Sci. 2013;125(7):311–8.
de Moraes ACF, Horta BL, Lacerda MB, Carvalho HB, Moreno LA. Prevalence of High Blood Pressure in 122,053 Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(27).
Weisinger RS, Begg DP, Chen N, Jois M, Mathai ML, Sinclair AJ. The Problem of Obesity: Is There A Role for Antagonists of The Renin-Angiotensin System? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(Suppl.1):359–67.
