Kesehatan Mental di Era Digital: Peluang Pengembangan Layanan Profesional Psikolog

Mental Health in the Digital Age: Psychologist Professional Services Development Opportunities

  • Osi Kusuma Sari Kementerian kesehatan RI
  • Neila Ramdhani
  • Subandi Subandi
Keywords: kesehatan mental, kesehatan telemental, telepsikolog, intervensi komunitas, psikolog klinis, mental health, telemental health, telepsychology, community intervention, clinical psychologist

Abstract

Indonesia needs mental health service methods that are able to reach a wider community with challenging geographical conditions and a large population. The need is even more urgent with the current situation of physical restrictions in the current pandemic. The increasing number of mental health cases and the limited availability of professional resources that are insufficient to meet the needs, causing mental health disparities. The increasing need for psychological assistance in particular situations is now a challenge for service providers. This paper aims to obtain a scientific basis from several evidencebased studies that show the effectiveness of services using telemental health (TMH) or better known as telepsychology in several community groups and countries. This article is a literature review from various sources through the Google scholar search engine, Google, and PubMed with the keywords telemental health, telepsychology, and telecounseling. The rapid development of information technology in the digital age has become a promising opportunity. With the optimal integration of mental health services and technology, the results obtained can be one of the alternative solutions in reaching the wider community and minimizing existing gaps. The use of two-way long-distance telecommunications media, utilizing telephone and video conferencing with due regard to procedures and professional ethics telepsychology implementation in Indonesia needs to consider several things, including procedures and professional service ethics; infrastructure availability; community readiness and culture; and also, the ability of psychologists as providers of this service.

Abstrak

Indonesia membutuhkan metode layanan kesehatan mental yang mampu menjangkau masyarakat luas dengan kondisi geografis yang menantang dan populasi penduduk yang besar. Kebutuhan tersebut menjadi semakin mendesak dengan adanya situasi pembatasan fisik di masa pandemi yang dihadapi saat ini. Meningkatnya jumlah kasus kesehatan mental dan keterbatasan ketersediaan sumber daya profesional yang ada tidak cukup memenuhi kebutuhan pelayanan, sehingga menimbulkan kesenjangan kesehatan mental. Meningkatnya kebutuhan pendampingan psikologis pada situasi khusus saat ini menjadi tantangan bagi penyedia layanan. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh dasar ilmiah dari beberapa studi berbasis bukti yang menunjukkan efektivitas layanan menggunakan telemental health (TMH) atau lebih dikenal telepsikologi di beberapa kelompok masyarakat dan negara. Artikel ini merupakan reviu literatur dari berbagai sumber, melalui mesin pencari Google Scholar, Google, dan Pubmed dengan kata kunci telemental health, telepsychology, dan telecounseling. Perkembangan teknologi informasi yang pesat di era digital ini menjadi peluang yang menjanjikan. Hasil yang didapatkan, dengan adanya integrasi pelayanan kesehatan mental dan teknologi secara optimal, dapat menjadi salah satu solusi alternatif dalam menjangkau masyarakat yang lebih luas dan meminimalisir kesenjangan yang ada. Penggunaan media telekomunikasi jarak jauh dua arah, memanfaatkan telepon, dan konferensi video dengan memperhatikan prosedur serta etika professional. Implementasi telepsikologi di Indonesia perlu mempertimbangkan beberapa hal, meliputi prosedur dan etika layanan professional; ketersediaan infrastruktur; kesiapan dan budaya masyarakat; serta juga kemampuan psikolog sebagai penyedia layanan ini.

 

References

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2016. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2017.

Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Bruce ML, Koch JR, Laska EM, Leaf PJ, et al. The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Services Research. 2001;36(6 Pt 1):987– 1007.

Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, et al. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 16;352(24):2515–23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa043266.

Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, Kovess V, Lepine JP, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. JAMA. 2004 Jun 2;291(21):2581-90. doi: 10.1001/ jama.291.21.2581. PMID: 15173149.

Kemenkes RI. Rumah Sakit Masih Mendominasi Pelayanan Kesehatan Jiwa [Internet]. depkes. go.id. Jakarta; 2009. Available from: http:// www.depkes.go.id/article/view/249/rumah-sakit- masih-mendominasi-pelayanan-kesehatan-jiwa. html

Indonesia. Undang-undang no. 18 tahun 2014 tentang kesehatan jiwa. Jakarta: Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia; 2014.

Novianty A, Retnowati S. Intervensi psikologi di layanan kesehatan primer. Buletin Psikologi. 2016;24(1):45–62.

Nelson EL, Barnard M, Cain S. Treating childhood depression over videoconferencing. Telemed J e-Health. 2003;9(1):49–55.

Brennan DM, Georgeadis AC, Baron CR, Barker LM. The effect of videoconference-based telerehabilitation on story retelling performance by brain-injured subjects and its implications for remote speech-language therapy. Telemed J e-Health. 2005;10(2):147–54.

Griffiths L, Blignault I, Yellowlees P. Telemedicine as a means of delivering cognitive-behavioural therapy to rural and remote mental health clients. J Telemed Telecare. 2006;12(3):136-40. doi: 10.1258/135763306776738567.

Egede LE, Frueh CB, Richardson LK, Acierno R, Mauldin PD, Knapp RG, et al. Rationale and design: telepsychology service delivery for depressed elderly veterans. Trials. 2009 Apr 20;10:22. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-22. PMID: 19379517; PMCID: PMC2681467.

Germain V, Marchand A, Bouchard S, Drouin MS, Guay S. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy administered by videoconference for posttraumatic stress disorder. Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38(1):42-53. doi: 10.1080/16506070802473494. PMID: 19235601.

King VL, Stoller KB, Kidorf M, Kindbom K, Hursh S, Brady T. Assessing the effectiveness of an internet-based videoconferencing platform for delivering intensified substance abuse counseling. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2009 Apr;36(3):331–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.06.011.

Himle M, Olufs E, Himle J, Tucker BT, Woods D. Behavior therapy for tics via videoconference delivery: an initial pilot test in children. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 17(3);2010:329–337.

Lintvedt OK, Griffiths KM, Sørensen K, Østvik AR, Wang CE, Eisemann M, Waterloo K. Evaluating the effectiveness and efficacy of unguided internet-based self-help intervention for the prevention of depression: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013 Jan-Feb;20(1):10-27. doi: 10.1002/cpp.770.

McCoy M, Hjelmstad LR, Stinson M. The role of tele-mental health in therapy for couples in long- distance relationships. J Couple Relatsh Ther. 2013;12(4):338–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/153 32691.2013.836053.

Nelson E-L, Patton S. Using videoconferencing to deliver individual therapy and pediatric psychology interventions with children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Apr 1;26(3):212–220. doi:10.1089/ cap.2015.0021

Makarim ZR, Ramdhani N. Brief cognitive behavioral therapy melalui media online untuk menurunkan gejala depresi. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2018.

Aminanty A, Ramdhani N. Efektivitas brief CBT berbasis online dalam meningkatkan penyesuaian sosial mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2019.

Daulay F, Ramdhani N. Konseling online berbasis brief CBT dapat menurunkan kecemasan sosial. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2018.

Moningka C. Integrasi psikologi dan teknologi informasi. In: Buku Seri Ke-2 Sumbangan Pemikiran Psikologi untuk Bangsa: Psikologi dan Teknologi Informasi. Jakarta: Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia (HIMPSI); 2016. p 445–458.

Glueck D. Establishing therapeutic rapport in telemental health [Internet]. First Edit. Telemental Health. Elsevier Inc.; 2013. 29–46 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 416048-4.00003-8

Kementerian Kominfo. Jumlah pengguna internet 2017 meningkat, kominfo terus lakukan percepatan pembangunan broadband. Jakarta : Kementerian Kominfo; 2018.

Lambert D, Gale J, Hansen MSAY, Croll MAZ, Hartley BAD. Telemental health in today’s rural health system. Res Policy Br. 2013:1–5.

HIMPSI. Panduan layanan psikologi dalam masa tanggap darurat covid-19 bagi psikolog, sarjana psikologi, asisten psikolog dan praktisi psikologi. 1st ed. Jakarta: Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia (HIMPSI); 2020.

Kemenkes RI. Pedoman dukungan kesehatan jiwa dan psikososial pada pandemi covid 19. Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2020. p. 1–30.

Hasan AA, Callaghan P, Lymn JS. Evaluation of the impact of a psycho-educational intervention for people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers in Jordan: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):1– 7.

Flaum M. telemental health as a solution to the widening gap between supply and demand for mental health services. In: Telemental Health. 2013. p. 11–25.

American Psychological Association. Guidelines for the practice of telepsychology - joint task force for the development of telepsychology guidelines for psychologists. American Psychologist; 2013.

Baker DC, Bufka LF. Preparing for the telehealth world: navigating legal, regulatory, reimbursement, and ethical issues in an electronic age. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2011;42(6):405–411. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0025037

Glueck D. Business aspects of telemental health in private practice [Internet]. First Edit. Telemental Health. Elsevier Inc.; 2013. 111–133 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 416048-4.00007-5.

Langarizadeh M, Tabatabaei MS, Tavakol K, Naghipour M, Rostami A, Moghbeli F. Telemental health care, an effective alternative to conventional mental care: a systematic review. Acta Inform Med. 2017;25(4):240–246. https:// doi.org/10.5455/aim.2017.25.240-246.

Hilty DM, Ferrer DC, Parish MB, Johnston B, Callahan EJ, Yellowlees PM. The Effectiveness of Telemental Health: A 2013 Review. Telemed e-Health. 2013: 19(6):444–54. doi: 10.1089/ tmj.2013.0075.

Hailey D, Roine R, Ohinmaa A. The effectiveness of telemental health applications: a review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;53 (11):769-78. doi: 10.1177/070674370805301109.

Thomas CR, Holzer CE. The continuing shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;45(9):1023- 1031. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000225353.16831.5d.

Barnett J, Kolmes K. The practice of tele-mental health: ethical, legal, and clinical issues for practitioners. Pract Innov; 2016

Brooks E, Spargo G, Yellowlees P, O’neill P. Integrating Culturally Appropriate Care into Telemental Health Practice. In: Telemental Health; 2013. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416048- 4.00005-1

Yellowlees P, Shore J, Roberts L. American telemedicine association, practice guidelines for videoconferencing-based telemental health - October 2009. Telemed J E Health. 2010 Dec;16(10):1074-89. doi: 10.1089/ tmj.2010.0148.

Nelson EL, Bui T, Sharp S. Telemental health competencies: training examples from a youth depression telemedicine clinic. In M. B. Gregerson (Ed.), Technology innovations for behavioral education; 2011. p. 41–47 https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9392-2_5.

Americal Physchological Association. Guidelines for the practice of telepsychology - joint task force for the development of telepsychology guidelines for psychologists. American psychologist. 2013;68(9):791–800. doi: 10.1037/a0035001

Published
2020-12-31
Section
Articles