Seroprevalence of Japanese enchephalitis Infection in Pigs in Tulungagung, East Java
Abstract
Pigs play a role as amplifier hosts for Japanese enchephalitis (JE). Surveillance of JEV infection on pigs, is, therefore undoubtedly important to prevent its transmission to humans. This study aims to investigate the infection rates of JE in pigs as a risk of JE in human. The study area was located in Tulungagung regency, one of the regencies in East Java with the largest number of pig farms. This was a cross sectional study, involving five pig farms in Tulungagung Regency during April-November 2016, with a total of 63 pigs examined. Venous blood was examined by JEV specific IgG-Enzyme Link Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The results showed that the JE infection rates in overall pig samples was 19.05% (12/63). The prevalence of Ab JE in 4-6 month pigs is higher (22.7%) than in 2-3 month pigs. The infections in pigs tend to be higher (23.1%) in farms found to be positive for Culex larvae. Sex and age of the pig and the presence of Culex larvae surround pig farms were not significantly associated with JE infection rates in pigs. In conclusion, the presence of JE virus antibodies in pigs population in Tulungagung indicates that there is a potency of JE virus transmission to humans.
References
2. WHO. Japanese encephalitis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis. Published 2019. Accessed May 22, 2019.
3. Unni S, Růžek D, Chhatbar C, Mishra R, Johri M, Singh S. Japanese encephalitis virus: from genome to infectome. Microbes Infect. 2011;13(4):312-21. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.002.
4. Widiarti, Tunjungsari R, Garjito TWA. Pendekatan molekuler konfirmasi vektor Japanese Encephalitis (JE) di Kota Surabaya Jawa Timur. Vektora. 2014;6(September):73-8.
5. Lindahl JF, Ståhl K, Chirico J, Boqvist S, Thu HTV, Magnusson U. Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis virus in pigs and mosquito vectors within Can Tho City, Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002153.
6. Lord J, Gurley E, Pulliam J. Rethinking japanese encephalitis virus transmission: a framework for implicating host and vector species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004074.
7. Garjito TA, Widiarti, Anggraeni YM, Alfiah S, Tunggul Satoto, Farchanny A, et al. Japanese encephalitis in Indonesia: an update on epidemiology and transmission ecology. Acta Trop. 2018;187:240-47. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.017.
8. Ompusunggu S, Maha MS, Dewi RM, Subangkit. Infeksi Japanese Encephalitis pada babi di beberapa provinsi Indonesia tahun 2012. Media Litbangkes. 2015;25(2):1-8.
9. Dinas Peternakan Provinsi Jawa Timur [Internet]. Data Statistik Populasi Ternak Kab/Kota di Jawa Timur. [cited 2019 March 15]. Available from: http://disnak.jatimprov.go.id/web/layananpublik/datastatistik/statistikpopulasiternak.
10. Yamanaka A, Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Hendrianto E, Utsumi T, Amin M, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010;63(1):58-60.
11. Detha A, Wuri DA, Santhia K. Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) in pigs in East Sumba, Indonesia. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2015;2(4):481-3. doi:10.5455/javar.2015.b112.
12. Cleton N, Bosco-Lauth A, Page M, Bowen R. Age-related susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis virus in domestic ducklings and chicks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:242–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0161.
13. Wolfe ND, Kilbourn AM, Karesh WB, Rahman HA, Bosi EJ, Cropp BC, et al. Sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among Bornean orangutans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64(5-6):310-6.
14. Solomon T, Thao TT, Lewthwaite P, Ooi MH, Kneen R, Dung NM, et al. A cohort study to assess the new WHO Japanese encephalitis surveillance standards. Bull World Heal Organ. 2008;86(3):178-86. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862008000300010.
15. Sendow I, Field HE, Adjid RMA, Lunt R, Ratnawati A, Breed AC, et al. Seroepidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection in bats and pigs in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Microbiol Indones. 2008;2(2):79-82
16. Duong V, Sorn S, Holl D, Rani M, Deubel V, Buchy P. Evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infections in swine populations in 8 provinces of Cambodia: Implications for national Japanese encephalitis vaccination policy. Acta Trop. 2011;120:146– 50.
17. Khan SU, Salje H, Hannan A, Islam MA, Bhuyan AAM, Islam MA, et al. Dynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus transmission among pigs in Northwest Bangladesh and the potential impact of pig vaccination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(9):e3166. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003166.
18. Prompirama P, Taowana N-A, Paungpina, W Poltepa K, Phonarknguena R. Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs and wild boar of different part of Thailand. In: Proc 5 Asian Pig Vet Soc Congress; 7-9 March 2011; Pattaya, Thailand; 2011.
19. Nidaira M, Taira K, Okano S, Shinzato T, Morikawa T, Tokumine M, et al. Survey of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs on Miyako, Ishigaki, Kume and Yonaguni Islands in Okinawa, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009;62(3):220-4.
20. Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV, Lunt RA, Fenwick S, et al. Serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86(6):1077-84. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0195.
21. Mansfield K, Hernández-Triana, LM Banyard A, Fooks A, Johnson N. Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals. Vet Microbiol. 2017;201:85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.014.
22. Ciota A, Drummond C, Ruby M, Drobnack J, Ebel G, Kramer L. Dispersal of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from a wastewater treatment facility. J Med Entomol. 2012;49(1):35-42.
23. Podung A, Pinontoan O, Lumanauw S, Tulung M. Abundance of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) as vector of the Japanese encephalitis disease in the pig sties in north Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2016;4(6):632-7.
24. Ruget AS, Beck C, Gabassi A, Trevenneck K, Lecollinet S, Chevalier V, et al. Japanese encephalitis circulation pattern in swine of northern Vietnam and consequences for swine’s vaccination recommendations. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(6):1485-92. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12885.
25. Ren X, Fu S, Dai P, Wang H, Li Y, Li X, et al. Pigsties near dwellings as a potential risk factor for the prevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in adult in Shanxi, China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6(1):100. doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0312-4.
Copyright (c) 2019 BALABA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, the copyright of the article shall be assigned to BALABA .
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all forms and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms, and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases, and its transmission by any form or media, such as electronic, electrostatic, and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc., will be allowed only with written permission from BALABA.
BALABA, the Editors, and the Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in this journal.
Click here to download Copyright Transfer Form.