Leptospira pada Tikus dan Badan Air serta Riwayat Penularan Penderita di Daerah Baru Kasus Leptospirosis di Bantul
Abstract
In 2017 leptospirosis cases occur in new areas in Bantul where cases have never been previously reported. Cases still occur in 2018 with an interval of two months after the first case. Preventive and curative efforts in the context of controlling cases have been carried out by the local health office, in addition to these control efforts, it is also necessary to know the presence of Leptospira in rats and water bodies in the area as well as the history of patients transmission. This study was conducted to provide epidemiological data, especially the status of Leptospira in rats as reservoir animal and water bodies as well as a history of patient activity as basic data for leptospirosis control in Gilangharjo Village. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the case location in RT 03 Jodog, Gilangharjo Village, Pandak District, Bantul Regency, which was conducted in April 2018. Leptospira infection status was carried out on rats and water bodies by molecular examination, while the history of transmission based on interviews with patients and the result of the examination of Leptospira status. Rat species caught were dominated by R.tanezumi, R. norvegicus and B. indica. Positive rat infected with Leptospira were found in B. indica while in water bodies Leptospira contamination was not found. Infected rat can be a source of transmission for humans and other animals. Most of the patient's activities were carried out in the fields and at home, all of the patients had wounds that were not treated, and had a history of contact with rats that might transmit Leptospira to humans.
References
2. Widjajanti W. Epidemiologi, diagnosis, dan pencegahan leptospirosis. J Heal Epidemiol Commun Dis. 2019;5(2):62–8. doi:10.22435/jhecds.v5i2.174
3. Rampengan NH. Leptospirosis. J Biomedik. 2016;8(3):143–50.
4. Day N. Leptospirosis: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis [Internet]. Uptodate. 2021 [cited 2021 May 27]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/leptospirosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
5. World Health Organization. Leptospirosis [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [cited 2021 May 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/Leptospirosissurveillance.pdf
6. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Profil kesehatan Indonesia [Internet]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 14]. Available from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/folder/view/01/structure-publikasi-pusdatin-profil-kesehatan.html
7. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Laporan riset khusus vektor dan reservoir penyakit [Internet]. Jakarta; 2017 [cited 2020 April 15]. Available from: https://labmandat.litbang.kemkes.go.id/riset-badan-litbangkes/menu-riskesnas/menu-rikus/394-rikus-vektora-2015-16
8. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2018 [Internet]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2019 [cited 2020 Sept 14]. 207 p. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Data-dan-Informasi_Profil-Kesehatan-Indonesia-2018.pdf
9. P2P. Surveilans epidemiologi Kabupaten Bantul. Bantul: P2P; 2018.
10. Fahrudin M. Analisis pola persebaran penyakit leptospirosis di Kecamatan Bantul, Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta Tahun 2010-2014 [naskah publikasi skripsi]. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2015.
11. Rakebsa D, Indriani C, Nugroho WS. Epidemiologi leptospirosis di Yogyakarta dan Bantul. BKM J Community Med Public Heal. 2018;34(4):153–8. doi:10.22146/bkm.28562
12. Joharina AS, Pujiyanti A, Nugroho A, Martiningsih I, Handayani FD. Peran tikus sebagai reservoir leptospira di tiga ekosistem di Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta. Bul Penelit Kesehat. 2019;47(3):191–8. doi:10.22435/bpk.v47i3.1885
13. Teo AKJ, Bramley A, Sa’at Z-AA-S, Fernandez CJ, Chng WC, Tan BZY, et al. A review of leptospirosis epidemiology, transmission and risk factors. Epidemiol News Bull Q Singapore. 2018;44(4):111–7.
14. Suyanto. Rodent di Jawa. Jakarta: Pelita Indonesia; 2006.
15. Geneaid. Genomic DNA mini kit (tissue) [Internet]. Geneaid. 2020 [cited 2020 April 15]. Available from: http://www.geneaid.com/data/download/attached/1602742587321707479.pdf
16. Geneaid. Genomic DNA mini kit ( blood / cultured cell ) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 April 15]. Available from: https://www.geneaid.com/data/files/1605601647444535985.pdf
17. Shivamallu C, Umesha S, Shruthi G, Balamurugan V. Use of rpoB gene analysis for detection and identification of Leptospira species by direct sequencing. Eur J Biotechnol Biosci. 2016;4(1):34–43.
18. Boey K, Shiokawa K, Rajeev S. Leptospira infection in rats: a literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(8):1–24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007499
19. Costa F, Wunder EA, Oliveira D, Bisht V, Rodrigues G, Reis MG, et al. Patterns in Leptospira shedding in norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from brazilian slum communities at high risk of disease transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(6):e0003819. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003819
20. Aplin K, Lunde D, Molur S. Bandicota indica. The IUCN Red List Threat Species. 2016;e.T2541A115062578 [cited 2019 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2541/115062578
21. HAGR. AnAge entry for Rattus norvegicus [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 22]. Available from: https://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Rattus_norvegicus
22. San AY, Sein MM, Xu Y. Reproductive potential and developmental stages of Bandicota indica from four villages in four townships in Magway Region Myanmar. Int J Avian Wildl Biol. 2019;4(1):5–8. doi:10.15406/ijawb.2019.04.00143
23. Lim LB. The field rats and field mouse in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. Utar Agric Sci J. 2015;1(3):35–42.
24. Minter A, Diggle PJ, Costa F, Childs J, Ko AI, Begon M. Evidence of multiple intraspecific transmission routes for Leptospira acquisition in norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(16):3438–48. doi:10.1017/S0950268817002539.
25. Loan HK, Cuong N Van, Takhampunya R, Kiet BT, Campbell J, Bryant JE et al. How important are rats as vectors of leptospirosis in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam?. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15(1):56–64. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1613.
26. Krijger IM, Ahmed AAA, Goris MGA, Groot Koerkamp PWG, Meerburg BG. Prevalence of leptospira infection in rodents from Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2113. doi:10.3390/ijerph16122113.
27. Ikawati B, Marbawati D, Khoeri MM, Sholichah Z, Ningsih DP. Analisis filogenetik leptospira di Kota Semarang [laporan penelitian]. Banjarnegara: Balai Litbangkes Banjarnegara; 2017.
28. Cosson JF, Picardeau M, Mielcarek M, Tatard C, Chaval Y, Suputtamongkol Y, et al. Epidemiology of Leptospira transmitted by rodents in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6):e2902. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002902.
29. Shukor MI, Zainalabidin CMR, Hamid NH. Greater bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica infestation in oil palm plantation and its management. Plant. 2018;94:100–10.
30. Widiastuti D, Sholichah Z, Agustiningsih A, Wijayanti N. Identification of pathogenic Leptospira in rat and shrew populations using rpoB gene and its spatial distribution in Boyolali District. Kesmas Public Heal J. 2016;11(1):32–8. doi:10.21109/kesmas.v11i1.798
31. Ramadhani T, Widyastuti D, Priyanto D. Determinasi serovar bakteri Leptospira pada reservoir di Kabupaten Banyumas. J Ekol Kesehat. 2015;14(1):8-16. doi: 10.22435/jek.v14i1.4652.8-16
32. Mulyono A, Ristiyanto, Rahardianingtyas E, Putro DBW, Joharina AS. Prevalensi dan identifikasi Leptospira patogenik pada tikus komensal di Kota Maumere, Flores. Vektora. 2016;8(1):31–40. doi:10.22435/vk.v8i1.4411.31-40
33. Ristiyanto, Wibawa T, Budiharta S, Supargiono. Prevalensi tikus terinfeksi Leptospira interogans di Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Vektora. 2015;7(2):85–92. doi:10.22435/vk.v7i2.4508.85-92
34. Sholichah Z, Rahmawati R. Sebaran infeksi leptospira patogenik pada tikus dan cecurut di daerah pasca banjir Kabupaten Pati dan endemis Boyolali. BALABA. 2017;13(2):173–82. doi: 10.22435/blb.v13i2.279
35. Joharina AS, Wicaksono Putro DB, Ardanto A, Mulyono A, Trapsilowati W. Identifikasi hewan reservoir leptospirosis di daerah peningkatan kasus leptospirosis di Desa Pagedangan Ilir, Kecamatan Kronjo, Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2015. Vektora. 2018;10(1):59–66. doi:10.22435/vk.v10i1.969
36. Mulyono A, Ristiyanto R, Dwi F, Bagus DWP, Rahardianingtyas E. Seroprevalensi Leptospira pada Rattus norvegicus dan Rattus tanezumi berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan umur. Vektora. 2015;7(1):7–14. doi:10.22435/vk.v7i1.4254.7-14
37. Widiyanti D, Astuti IIP. Studi Leptospira sp pada beberapa daerah rawan banjir di Jakarta. J Kedokt Yars. 2016;24(1):80–8.
38. Widiastuti D, Djati AP. Kontaminasi Leptospira patogenik pada air konsumsi di pemukiman Kabupaten Demak. BALABA. 2015;11(2):89–96. doi:10.22435/blb.v11i2.1343
39. Putri CPA, Saraswati LD, Adi MS, Hestiningsih R. Analisis karakteristik air, bakteri Leptospira, dan faktor lingkungan pada kasus leptospirosis di Kabupaten Boyolali. J Kesehat Masy. 2019;7(4):195–201.
40. Polo N, Machado G, Rodrigues R, Hamrick PN, Munoz-Zanzi C, Pereira MM, et al. A one health approach to investigating Leptospira serogroups and their spatial distributions among humans and animals in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2013-2015. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019;4(42):1–20. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed4010042
41. Petrakovsky J, Antonuci A. Leptospirosis and “one health” the importance of multisectoral collaboration. J Vet Med Res [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Sept 16];5(4):1131. Available from: https://www.jscimedcentral.com/VeterinaryMedicine/veterinarymedicine-5-1131.pdf
Copyright (c) 2021 BALABA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, the copyright of the article shall be assigned to BALABA .
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all forms and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms, and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases, and its transmission by any form or media, such as electronic, electrostatic, and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc., will be allowed only with written permission from BALABA.
BALABA, the Editors, and the Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in this journal.
Click here to download Copyright Transfer Form.