Peran Rumah Tangga Dan Lingkungan Tempat Tinggal Terhadap Kondisi Air Minum Sumur Gali Di Indonesia
Abstract
Water is essential for human life. The availability of decent dan safe water for drinking, food processing, and day to day necessity is required to prevent water-borne diseases. This study analyzes the role of household factors (compositional) and rural/urban village factors (contextual) on the condition of dug-wells water in Indonesia. The analysis used data integration of the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) – the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas)in March 2018 and the 2018 Village Potential (Podes) data. These three surveys employed a cross-sectional design. We applied multilevel logistic regression modeling using STATA in the analysis. Samples were households that used dug wells in 12,259 rural/urban villages in Indonesia. The result found that 76,5% of households use basic drinking water facilities, in which 54% were in poor condition. The role of household-level (level 1) and rural/urban village-level (level 2) were almost the same, which were 50.13% and 49.87% respectively. In conclusion, there were no differences between household factors and rural/urban village factors in explaining the condition of drinking water from dug wells in Indonesia. To maintain proper and safe dug-wells-drinking-water facilities for all family members, it is necessary to provide environmental education to the community, to encourage community service and to reforest the living environment.
Abstrak
Air sangat dibutuhkan dalam kehidupan manusia. Ketersediaan air yang layak dan aman sangat diperlukan oleh masyarakat untuk keperluan minum, pengolahan makanan dan kebutuhan sehari-hari agar dapat terhindar dari penyakit yang ditularkan melalui air. Penelitian ini menganalisis peranan faktor rumah tangga (komposisional) dan faktor desa/kelurahan (kontekstual) terhadap kondisi air minum sumur gali di Indonesia. Analisis menggunakan data integrasi Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Maret 2018 dan Potensi Desa (Podes) 2018. Ketiga survei tersebut menggunakan rancangan potong lintang. Analisis menggunakan pemodelan multilevel logistic regression dengan program STATA. Sampel diambil dari rumah tangga yang menggunakan sumur gali pada 12.259 desa/kelurahan di Indonesia. Dari hasil diketahui bahwa 76,5% rumah tangga menggunakan sarana air minum dasar, dengan 54% kondisinya tidak baik. Besar peran tingkat rumah tangga (level 1) dan desa/kelurahan (level 2) hampir sama besar yaitu 50,13% dan 49,87%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan faktor rumah tangga dan desa dalam menjelaskan kondisi air minum dari sumur gali di Indonesia. Untuk menjaga keberlangsungan sarana air minum sumur gali yang layak dan aman bagi seluruh anggota keluarga, diperlukan penyuluhan lingkungan bagi masyarakat, menggiatkan kerja bakti dan melakukan penghijauan lingkungan tempat tinggal.
References
Abdurrahman, M. I., Chaki, S., & Saini, G. (2020). Stubble burning: Effects on health & environment, regulations and management practices. Environmental Advances, 2(September), 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100011
AJ Mohamed, A., & M Kitwana, T. (2018). Water quality from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Micheweni District of Pemba Island, Zanzibar. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 7(6), 674–678. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2018.07.00300
Ali, H., Khan, E., & Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 2019(6730305). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305
Azhar, K., Kumala, D. S., & Hapsari, D. (2015). Diare Balita di Provinsi DKI Jakarta Ditinjau Dari Aspek Air Minum, Sanitasi Dan PHBS (Analisis Data Riskesdas 2013). Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan, 14(1), 29–40.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Persentase Rumah Tangga menurut Provinsi dan Sumber Air Minum Layak , 1993-2019.
Bakobie, N., Awal, F. M., & Duwiejuah, A. B. (2015). Water quality assessment of hand-dug wells in Janga , Ghana. International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health, 2(November 2020), 197–205.
Bhuvaneshwari, S., & Hettiarachchi, H. (2019). Crop Residue Burning in India : Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(832), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050832
Booij, M. J., Schipper, T. C., & Marhaento, H. (2019). Attributing changes in streamflow to land use and climate change for 472 catchments in australia and the United States. Water, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051059
David, A., Thangavel, Y. D., & Sankriti, R. (2019). Recover , Recycle and Reuse : An Efficient Way to Reduce the Waste. International Journal of Mechanical and Protection, 9(3), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun20194
Devi, K. S., Sujana, O., & Singh, T. C. (2018). Hazardous Waste Management in India. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 6(1), 1547–1555.
Ellison, D., Morris, C. E., Locatelli, B., Sheil, D., Cohen, J., Murdiyarso, D., Gutierrez, V., Noordwijk, M. van, Creed, I. F., Pokorny, J., Gaveau, D., Spracklen, D. V., Tobella, A. B., Ilstedt, U., Teuling, A. J., Gebrehiwot, S. G., Sands, D. C., Muys, B., Verbist, B., … Sullivan, C. A. (2017). Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world. Global Environmental Change, 43, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002
Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014). Challenges of integrated water resources management in Indonesia. Water, 6(7), 2000–2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6072000
Gannon, B. M., Wei, Y., & Thompson, M. P. (2020). Mitigating source water risks with improved wildfire containment. Fire, 3(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030045
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. k., & Viswanath, K. (2002). Health Behavior and Health Education (4th Editio). Jossey-Bass.
Habib, T. N., El-Sayed, M. F., Ali, F. M., & Almsatar, T. M. (2019). Marine Pollution of Chemicals Detergents Contamination Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in Fish Liver (Sardine aurita) by Flow Cytometry DNA Measurements. Journal of Biotechnology Research, 5(511), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.32861/jbr.511.113.122
Harper, A. R., Doerr, S. H., Santin, C., Froyd, C. A., & Sinnadurai, P. (2018). Prescribed fire and its impacts on ecosystem services in the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 624, 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.161
Hasan, M. K., Shahriar, A., & Jim, K. U. (2019). Water pollution in Bangladesh and its impact on public health. Heliyon, 5(8), e02145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02145
Hubelova, D., Mala, J., Kozumplikova, A., Schrimpelova, K., Hornova, H., & Janal, P. (2020). Influence of human activity on surface watequality in moravian karst. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(5), 3153–3162. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/114233
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2013). Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013.
Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. (2020). Narasi RPJMN 2020-2024. In Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2020-2024 (p. 300).
Kimani-murage, E. W., & Ngindu, A. M. (2014). Quality of Water the Slum Dwellers Use : The Case of a Kenyan Slum Quality of Water the Slum Dwellers Use : The Case of a Kenyan Slum. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 84(6), 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9199-x
Komarulzaman, A., Smits, J., & de Jong, E. (2017). Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors. Global Public Health, 12(9), 1141–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1127985
Lutterodt, G., van de Vossenberg, J., Hoiting, Y., Kamara, A. K., Oduro-Kwarteng, S., & Foppen, J. W. A. (2018). Microbial groundwater quality status of hand-dug wells and boreholes in the Dodowa area of Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040730
Matsimbe, J. (2020). Comparative Study of Water Quality From Boreholes and. Enginneering and Technology Quarterly Reviews, 3(2), 67–73.
McKenna, M. L., McAtee, S., Bryan, P. E., Jeun, R., Ward, T., Kraus, J., Bottazzi, M. E., Hotez, P. J., Flowers, C. C., & Mejia, R. (2017). Human intestinal parasite burden and poor sanitation in rural Alabama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97(5), 1623–1628. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0396
Oguttu, D. W., Okullo, A., Bwire, G., Nsubuga, P., & Ario, A. R. (2017). Cholera outbreak caused by drinking lake water contaminated with human faeces in Kaiso Village, Hoima District, Western Uganda, October 2015. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0359-2
Rohmatika, S. Y., & Hariyanto, B. (2019). Kajian Tentang Kualitas Air Sumur Dangkal Sebagai Sumber Air Minum Di Desa Sawohan Kecamatan Buduran Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi Swara Bhumi, 1(2), 1–4.
Sapulete, M. R. (2013). Hubungan Antara Jarak Septic Tank Ke Sumur Gali Dan Kandungan Escherichia Coli Dalam Air Sumur Gali Di Kelurahan Tuminting Kecamatan Tuminting Kota Manado. Jurnal Biomedik (Jbm), 2(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.35790/jbm.2.3.2010.1197
Sari, S. Y. I., Sunjaya, D. K., Shimizu-furusawa, H., Watanabe, C., & Raksanagara, A. S. (2018). Water Sources Quality in Urban Slum Settlement along the Contaminated River Basin in Indonesia : Application of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018(3806537), 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3806537
Turner-Skoff, J. B., & Cavender, N. (2019). The benefits of trees for livable and sustainable communities. Plants People Planet, 1(4), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.39
The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation, Pub. L. No. A/RES/64/292 (2010).
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Pub. L. No. A/RES/70/1, The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 1 (2015).
Wolo, D., Rahmawati, A. S., Priska, M., & Damopolii, I. (2020). Study of dug well water quality in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 20(3), 432. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i3.2135
Zachariah, S. M., C., S., S., A., Kokkayil, P., & Mathews, A. A. (2017). Investigation of Hepatitis A outbreak in Palakkad district. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4(11), 4125. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174630
Copyright (c) 2022 Ika Dharmayanti, Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini, Zahra Zahra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
