Aplikasi IJEN (Infeksi Jamur Entomopatogen pada Nyamuk) : Jamur Metarhizium anisopliae pada Nyamuk Aedes aegypti
Aplication of Entomopathogen Fungi Infection to Mosquito : Metarhizium anisopliae to Aedes aegypti
Abstract
Abstract
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is one of the main problems in Indonesia, its handling on chemical insecticides with insecticide resistance constraints that can inhibit vector control efforts. Entomopathogenic fungi especially Metarhizium anisopliae is one of bioinsecticides that has been widely used in agriculture for controlling insect attacks, effective in killing mosquitoes, safe for vertebrates, humans and the environment and has a small risk of resistance. Appropriate methods of formulation and application for M. anisopliae infection to mosquitoes suitable for mosquito bionomic and fungus characteristics are required. Experimental research with complete randomized design was conducted to test the efficacy of. M.anisopliae solution mixed olive oil and honey formula applied to ovitrap, plant trap and black cotton trap in infecting adult female Ae. aegypti. The death of Ae.a egypti and fungal growth on kadaver was observed everyday. 100% Ae. aegypti death was obtained in the ovitrap method with mixed formulation of M.anisopliae and olive oil. This method was also capable of infecting Ae.aegypti in various phases of both adults, eggs and larvae so that in this study ovitrap olive oil method was the most effective method for infecting M.anisopliae on Ae.aegypti.
Abstrak
Demam berdarah dengue merupakan salah satu masalah utama di Indoneisa. Penggunaan insektisida kimia sebagai upaya pengendalian DBD saat ini memiliki kendala resistensi insektisida yang dapat menghambat upaya pengendalian vektor. Jamur entomopatogen khususnya Metarhizium anisopliae adalah salah satu bioinsektisida yang telah digunakan secara luas di bidang pertanian untuk pengendalian serangan serangga efektif membunuh nyamuk, aman bagi vertebrata, manusia dan lingkungan serta memiliki risiko resistensi yang kecil. Diperlukan metode yang tepat baik dari formulasi maupun cara aplikasi untuk penginfeksian M.anisopliae kepada nyamuk yang sesuai dengan bionomik nyamuk dan karakteristik jamur. Penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap dilakukan untuk menguji efektivitas formula M.anisopliae. Larutan M.anisopliae dicampur minyak zaitun dan madu yang diaplikasikan pada ovitrap, plant trap dan black cotton trap dalam menginfeksi Ae.aegypti betina dewasa. Pengamatan dilakukan pada kematian Ae.aegypti dan pertumbuhan jamur pada kadaver setiap hari. Kematian Ae.aegypti 100% didapatkan pada metode ovitrap dengan formulasi campuran M.anisopliae dan minyak zaitun. Metode ini juga mampu menginfeksi Ae.aegypti pada berbagai fase baik dewasa, telur maupun larva sehingga pada penelitian ini metode zaitun ovitrap dinyatakan metode yang paling efektif untuk penginfeksian M.anisopliae pada Ae.aegypti.
References
Infodatin KKRI. Situasi DBD di Indonesia. 2016:1-12.
Ahmad I, Astari S, Rahayu R, Hariani N. Status kerentanan Aedes aegypti (diptera: Culicidae) pada tahun 2006-2007 terhadap malation di Bandung, Jakarta, Surabaya, Palembang dan Palu. Biosfera. 2009;26(2):85-89.
Sutanto I, Ismid IS, Sjarifuddin PK, Sungkar S. Parasitologi Kedokteran. Keempat. (Sutanto I, Ismid IS, Sjarifuddin PK, Sungkar S, eds.). Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2008.
Mulyatno KC, Yamanaka A, Ngadino, Konishi E. Resistance of Aedes aegypti (L) larvae to temephos in Surabaya, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012;43(1):29-33.
Achmadi UF. Manajemen Penyakit Berbasis Wilayah. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI Press); 2008.
Andiarsa D, Sembiring WSR. Perilaku penggunaan insektisida pada rumah tangga di tiga kabupaten/kota Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. J Buski. 2015;5(3):149-154.
Perwitasari D, Musaddad DA, Manalu HSP, Munif A. Pengaruh beberapa dosis Bacillus thuringiensis Var Israelensis serotype H14 terhadap larva Aedes aegypti di Kalimantan Barat. J Ekol Kesehat. 2015;14(3):229-237.
Nusa R, Ariati Y. Laporan Penelitian Pemetaan Status Kerentanan Aedes aegypti Terhadap Insektisida Di Indonesia Tahun 2015. Jakarta; 2015.
Taviv Y, Saikhu A, Sito. Pengendalian DBD melalui pemanfaatan pemantau jentik dan ikan cupang di Kota Palembang. Bul Penelit Kesehat. 2010;38(4):198-207.
Kasmara H, Aliana ZD, Herawan M, Putri O. Potensi jamur entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae dan Beauveria bassiana dalam pengendalian populasi Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) fase imago. In: Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Dan Saintek 2016 (Isu-Isu Kontemporer Sains, Lingkungan, Dan Inovasi Pembelajarannya. ; 2016:211-216.
Dubovskiy IM, Whitten MMA, Yaroslavtseva ON, et al. Can insects develop resistance to insect pathogenic fungi ? PLoS One. 2013;8(4):1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060248.
Zimmermann G. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 2007;17(9):879-920.
Nourrisson C, Dupont D, Lavergne R, et al. Species of
Metarhizium anisopliae complex implicated in human infections: retrospective sequencing study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(12):994-999.
Situmorang YA. Dampak beberapa fungisida terhadap pertumbuhan koloni jamur Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch) Sorokin di laboratorium (Thesis). 2015.
Bukhari T, Takken W, Koenraadt CJM. Development of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana formulations for control of malaria mosquito larvae. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4(1):23. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-23.
Pradani FY, Widawati M. Mortalitas Aedes albopictus akibat infeksi horizontal Beauveria bassiana dan aktivitas enzim kitinase B. bassiana. ASPIRATOR. 2015;7(2):66-73.
Sartika RAD. Pengaruh asam lemak jenuh, tidak jenuh dan asam lemak trans terhadap kesehatan. Gizi Kesmas. 2008;2(4):154-160.
Kaur CD, Saraf S. In vitro sun protector factor determination herbals oils used in cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(1):22-25. doi:doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.60586.
Nuraida, Lubis A. Pengaruh formulasi dan lama penyimpanan pada viabilitas, bioaktivitas dan persistensi cendawan Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana fabricius. J Hama Penyakit Tanam. 2016;16(2):196-202.
Cahyana BT, Rachmadi AT. Pemanfaatan kulit kayu gemor (Alseodaphne sp.) dan cangkang kemiri (Aleurites molucca) untuk obat nyamuk alami. J Ris Has Hutan. 2011;3(2):13-19.
Lubis MF. Pengaruh penambahan nutrisi terhadap patogenitas cendawan Beauveria bassiana pada Hypothenenus hampei di perkebunan kopi rakyat (Skripsi). 2016.
Herawan M, Putri O, Kasmara H. Jamur entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo, 1912) sebagai agen pengendali hayati nyamuk Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). In: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. Vol 1. ; 2015:1472-1477. doi:10.13057/psnmbi/m010636.
Pusarawati S, Ideham B, Kusmartisnawati, Tantular IS, Basuki S. Atlas Parasitologi Kedokteran. (Santoso SHB, Dachlan YP, Yotopranoto S, eds.). Jakarta: EGC; 2013.
Widiyanti NLPM, Muyadihardja S. Uji toksisitas jamur Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Media Litbang Kesehat. 2004;XIV(3):25-30.
Paula AR, Carolino AT, Paula CO, Samuels RI. The combination of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with the insecticide imidacloprid increases virulence against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors. 2011;4(1):8. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-8.
Nunilahwati H, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y, Khodijah, Meidelima D. Uji efikasi bioinsektisida jamur entomopatogen berformulasi cair terhadap Plutella xylostella (L.) di laboratorium. J Hama Penyakit Tanam. 2013;13(1):52-60.
Mnyone LL, Kirby MJ, Lwetoijera DW, et al. Tools for delivering entomopathogenic fungi to malaria mosquitoes: effects of delivery surfaces on fungal efficacy and persistence. Malar J. 2010;9(246):1-7. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-246.
Narladkar BW, Shivpuje PR, Harke PC. Fungal biological control agents for integrated management of Culicoides spp. (diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of livestock. Vet World. 2015;8(February):156-163. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2015.156-163.
Boesri H, Boewono T. Perbandingan kematian nyamuk Aedes aegypti pada penyemprotan aerosystem menggunakan bifenthrin dengan sistem thermal fogging menggunakan malathion. Yars Med J. 2008;16(2):130-140.
Paula AR, Carolino AT, Silva CP, Pereira CR, Samuels RI. Testing fungus impregnated cloths for the control of adult Aedes aegypti under natural conditions. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6(256):1-6. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-256.
Farenhorst M, Knols BGJ, Thomas MB, Howard AF V, Takken W, Guessan RN. Synergy in efficacy of fungal entomopathogens and permethrin against West African insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012081.
Rodrı MA, Salazar MI, Russell TL, et al. Vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti for dengue virus type 2 is reduced with co-infection of Metarhizium anisopliae. Neglected Trop Dis. 2013;7(3):1-5. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002013.
Gomes SA, Paula AR, Ribeiro A, et al. Neem oil increases the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Aedes aegypti (diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8(669):1-8. doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1280-9.
Carolino AT, Paula AR, Silva CP, Butt TM, Samuels RI. Monitoring persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae under simulated field conditions with the aim of controlling adult Aedes aegypti (diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors. 2014;7(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-198.
Prayogo Y, Santoso T, Kartosuwondo U, Sudirman LI. Peningkatan efikasi cendawan Lecanicillium lecanii untuk mengendalikan telur hama kepik coklat pada kedelai. Penelit Pertan Tanam Pangan. 2011;30(1):58-70.
Sousa NA, Lobo LS, Rodrigues J, Luz C. New insights on the effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae formulation and application against Aedes aegypti eggs. Soc Appl Microbiol. 2013;57:193-199. doi:10.1111/lam.12097.
Luz C, Tai MHH, Santos AH, Silva HHG. Impact of moisture on survival of Aedes aegypti eggs and ovicidal activity of Metarhizium anisopliae under laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio Janeiro. 2008;103(2):214-215.
Melo DPO De, Scherrer LR, Eiras EA. Dengue fever occurrence and vector detection by larval survey, ovitrap and mosquitotrap: A space-time clusters analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042125.
Williams CR, Long SA, Russell RC, Ritchie SA. Optimizing ovitrap use for Aedes aegypti in Cairns, Queensland, Australia: Effects of some abiotic factors on fields efficay. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(4):635-640.
Mackay AJ, Amador M, Barrera R. An improved autocidal gravid ovitrap for the control and surveillance of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6(225):1-13. doi:doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-225.
Ritchie SA, Rapley LP, Williams C, et al. A lethal ovitrap-based mass trapping scheme for dengue control in Australia: I. Public acceptability and performance of lethal ovitraps. Med Vet Entomol. 2009;23:295-302.
Rosmayuningsih A, Rahardjo BT, Rachmawati R. Patogenitas jamur Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap hama kepinding tanah (Stibaropus molginus) (hemiptera: Cydnidae) dari beberapa formulasi. J Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuh. 2014;2(2):28-37.
Ondiaka SN, Masinde EW, Koenraadt CJM, Takken W, Mukabana WR. Effects of fungal infection on feeding and survival of Anopheles gambiae (diptera: Culicidae) on plant sugars. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8(35):1-11. doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0654-3.
Mnyone LL, Kirby MJ, Lwetoijera DW, et al. Infection of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, with two species of entomopathogenic fungi: effects of concentration, co-formulation, exposure time and persistence. Malar J. 2009;8(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-309.
Boesri H, Heriyanto B, Susanti L, Handayani SW. Beberapa ekstrak tumbuhan terhadap gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti vektor demam berdarah Dengue. Vektora. 2015;7(2):79-84.
Aini R, Widiastuti R, Nadhifa NA. Uji efektifitas formula spray dari minyak atsiri herba kemangi (Ocimum sanctum L) sebagai repelent nyamuk Aedes aegypti. J Ilm Manuntung. 2016;2(2):189-197.
Putro P, Supriyatna N. Perbandingan daya proteksi losion anti nyamuk dari beberapa jenis minyak atsiri tanaman pengusir nyamuk. Biopropal Ind. 2014;5(2):79-84.
Faishol A. Keefektifan cendawan Metarhizium brunneum Petch terhadap hama ubi jalar Cylas formicarius fabricus (coleoptera: Brentidae) (Skripsi). 2011.
Ansari MA, Pope EC, Carpenter S, Scholte E, Butt TM. Entomopathogenic fungus as a biological control for an important vector of livestock disease: the Culicoides biting Midge. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016108.
Barra-bucarei L, Vergara P, Cortes A. Conditions to optimize mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin 1883 in different substrates. Chil J Agric Res. 2016;76(4):448-454. doi:10.4067/S0718-58392016000400008.
Reyes-villanueva F, Garza-hernandez JA, Garcia-munguia AM, Tamez-guerra P, Howard AF V, Rodriguez-perez MA. Dissemination of Metarhizium anisopliae of low and high virulence by mating behavior in Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4(1):171. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-171.
Lwetoijera DW, Sumaye RD, Madumla EP, et al. An extra-domiciliary method of delivering entomopathogenic fungus, Metharizium anisopliae IP 46 for controlling adult populations of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3(18):5-10. doi:doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-18.
Bilgo E, Lovett B, Fang W, Bende N, King GF, Leger RJS. Improved efficacy of an arthropod toxin expressing fungus against mosquitoes. Sci Rep. 2017;7(3433):3-10. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03399-0.
Hasanah U. Mengenal Aspergillosis, infeksi jamur genus Aspergilus. J Kel Sehat Sejah. 2017;15(30):76-86.
Nurullita U. Peran jamur Aspergilus flavus dan Penicillium sp dalam mengurangi gas karbon monoksida (CO) dalam ruangan. In: The 3rd Universty Research Colloquium 2016 ISSN 2407-9189. ; 2016:395-405.
Hutabalian M, Pinem MI, Oemry S. Uji antagonisme beberapa jamur saprofit dan endofit dari tanaman pisang terhadap Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubens di laboratorium. J Online Agroekoteknologi. 2015;3(2):687-695.
Irianti ATP, Suyanto A. Pemanfaatan jamur Trichoderma sp dan Aspergilus sp sebagai dekomposer pada pengomposan jerami padi. J Agrosains. 2011;13(2):1-9.
Octriana L. Potensi agen hayati dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Phytium sp. secara in vitro. Bul Plasma Nutfah. 2011;17(2):138-142.
Mnyone LL, Kirby MJ, Mpingwa MW, et al. Infection of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with entomopathogenic fungi: effect of host age and blood-feeding status. Parasitol Res. 2011;108:317-322. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2064-y.
Paula AR, Carolino AT, Silva CP, Samuels RI. Susceptibility of adult female Aedes aegypti (diptera: Culicidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is modified following blood feeding. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4(91):1-7. doi:doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-91.
Fang W, Rodriguez JV, Ghosh AK, Lorena MJ, Kang A, Leger RJS. Development of transgenic fungi that kill human malaria parasites in mosquitoes. Science (80- ). 2011;331(6020):1074-1077. doi:10.1126/science.1199115.Development.
Copyright (c) 2019 Jurnal Vektor Penyakit
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Publishing your paper with Jurnal Vektor Penyakit (JVP) means that the author or authors transfer the copyright to JVP. JVP granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially.
JVP journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
JVP journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:
- BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- SA: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
